Organizational Review Of Plant Automation Group :: essays research papers

Organizational examine of Plant Automation GroupIt is intended that this organisational review, will provide the Districts witha better understanding of the changing process computer hardware and softwaresupport needs. Also to review the department fix for the Plant AutomationGroup (Group), and develop tributes on the proposed reportingrelationships. Review the background information. Identify the primary and secondary functions of the Plant Automation Group Review possible location of the Plant Automation Group. Identify and review reporting relationships optionsDEFINITIONSDefinitions used within this organizational review.SCADA Supervisory and Data Acquisition SystemPLC Programmable logical system ControllerHMI Human Machine InterfaceITD Information Technology DepartmentPAG Plant Automation GroupGM General theatre directorBACKGROUNDWhen the Districts setoff began consideration to form a focal group withresponsibility for Plant Automation, a working class force was formed to makerecommendations. The one recommendation this task was unable to come toagreement on was the location of this new Plant Automation Group (PAG). Anexecutive decision was made by the General Manager to center the PAG in theInformation Technology Department (ITD).In September 1994, the Joint Board contracted with Ernst & Young to produce a" heed Review of the Proposed Plant Automation Group for the SanitationDistricts of Orange County". Their report recommended the location be with ITDbut noted that for the duration of the J-31 project, some engineering-relatedactivities would be refer and require close coordination with the EngineeringDepartment. As late as July 1995 when Ernst & Young performed the FinanceFunction Review (which included the Information Services Division), they echoedtheir previous recommendation but provided a timeline of approximately two yearsto revisit the issue of PAGs location. However, this was not a firmrecommendation.Over the past several mo nths, a number of problems learn made it clear that thetwo year time frame identified in the Ernst & Young report may have beenoptimistic. The problems of budget management, close coordination andcommunication have placed a strain on the existing management of the ITD,creating frustration and numerous problems throughout many part of theorganization.Primary FunctionsThe charter of the Plant Automation focuses on Support of the Operations Division Providing engineering integration assistance through software and hardware summary and the setting of standards Support of the Maintenance Division regarding system and softwaremodifications and changes Assisting in the roll-out of the J-31 contract so that a transfer of knowledgebetween CH2M Hill and the Districts occurs Analyzing and the recommendation of system and network architecture, systemdesign, and integration proposals.The Plant Automation Group is made up of a number of disciplines. Processcontrol programming is very differ ent from the type of programming which

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Good evening. A couple weeks ago, I was attempting to clean my room when I unearthed an old yearbook from my days in middle school. Rather absentmindedly I opened the book to browse through it. However, before long I became immersed in the memories brought back to life and quickly lost track of time. all over an hour later, I set the book aside and marveled at how much had changed since then. Not only had people changed physically, but they had also changed their friends, habits and behaviors. Furthermore, we have all handsome as a result of the changing world around us, a changing world that has witnessed the tragedy of Sept. 11, 2001, as well as the constant render of new technologies which make our lives easier. These changes have shaped new outlooks on life, along with the way we perceive ourselves. The concept of change is as timeless as register itself. Change is inevitable, whether it be changes in your statues from a student to an adult, changes in your path in life or s imply changes in your appearance as you forward motion old age. While change can, at times, appear menacing, it ...

Air Pollution :: essays research papers fc

ProblemThe first thing people see, in the morning, when they walk outside is the sky or the colored sun. Is this mankind giving us the privilege of seeing the natural colors of the sun through all the layers of pollution within the blood line (Dinanike 31)? Not only ar beautiful sights such as this hidden behind the pollution this world commences everyday, but an increase in diseases, infections and death occurs. What causes pollution? What can we do to prohibit it,and get rid of it? Is it fair to the children of the future to have to suffer the consequences that pollution causes? Why not take care of the problem now? Factory and product line owners have the ability to prevent air pollution. Air pollution is the presence in the atmosphere of harmful gases, liquids, or solids. Air pollution, known as corporation pollution for many years, resulted from coal combustion (Hodges 526). Smog has been a problem in coal-burning areas for several centuries. Smog finally decreased when coal combustion was replaced by oil and gas combustion. Air pollution is caused by a number of different types of pollutants. The first type, particulate matter, consists of solid and liquid aerosols suspended in the atmosphere. These rally from the burning of coal and fromindustrial processes. Atmospheric particles can scatter and absorb sunlight which reduces visibility. Particles also reduce visibility by attenuating thelight from objects and illuminating the air cause the contrast between the objects and their backgrounds to reduce. Not only does it effectvisibility, but it hastens the erosion of building materials and the corrosion of metals, interferes with the human respiratory formation, and brings toxicmaterials into the body. The small particles cause chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, emphysema and lung cancer (Hodges 59). The second type is sulfur oxides which come from the burning of coal and industrial processes. Damage to materials, to vegetation, and to thehuma n respiratory system are caused by the acid nature of oxides. Small quantities of sulfur oxides can increase illness and mortality (Hodges 59). The third type of pollutant is carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas against which humans have no protection.Carbon monoxide comes from the exhaust of gasoline-powered vehicles and secondarily from industrial processes (Hamer 45). Hemoglobin, whichis in the blood, combines with carbon monoxide and carries less oxygen to body tissues causing health and heart effects. Some health problems come

Gender Roles, Stereotyping and Gender Bias Essay -- Sexism and Gender

Gender affects every aspect of our life, from how we feel about ourselves and set our goals in educational, recreational and work opportunities as well as the the spirit and extent of our participation in social and civic life. It has a strong impact on the way we practice our religion, the way we dress, the way we express our feelings and the temper of all of our relationships with others. This paper explores various facets of gender roles in order to understand this topic such as what role males and females be expected to play in todays society, how gender roles are decided, affected and exaggerated by stereotyping. Futhermore, this paper will draw attention towards how stereotyping leads to gender biases. What is Gender ? Gender means those characteristics which defines or explains if someone is masculine or feminine according to their behavioural differences, for example how they dress or act towards others, the kinds of work they do and their status in society. Gender is not the sex we are born with, Sex refers to all the physical attributes separating women and men according to the biological differences or in other words Sex is the biological make up of a humans being , whereas gender refers to the cultural attributes derived from sex differences. For exampel some children who are male by birth means having male parts but feel ilk female.They are just physically males with female characteristics and be discombobulate like feminine.This gives them new identity which is known as how they feel more anin accordance with the gender they have and that gives them new gender identity .There are two major genders Masculine and Feminine.Gender roles are in fact just those ideas and which are implemen... ...s appear. Change begins at home. As quoted by Dr.Phill Change can come in either of two important ways Start behaving positively or stop behaving negatively Parents conduct to give chance to their children to live their lives free from the f etters of gender bias and stereotyping As they say, Great oaks grow from little acorns Conclusion Sex is the organizer of human society.This is filtered culturally through gender roles which have an impact our lives. Gender role stereotyping is one of the most consistent ways in which adults and particularly parents play a strong part in socialization of a child. Parents have to learn to adopt an androgynous attitude towards while bring up their children. Eradicate the gender biases and give adequate egalitarianism.Every clould has a silver lining Every man is the architect of his own fortune

Fantasy Sports on the Internet Essay -- Expository Essays Research Pap

envisage Sports on the profitsThe Internet is something that is common in todays society. The net profits uses transfer from talking online to getting information on just about anything one wants. This new phenomenon was an instant hit and in the mid 90s the meshwork was macrocosm found in more and more households. The net opened up opportunities for many things such as easy access to any information, online shopping, being able to talk to people on the other side of the world with no cost, and it set up the whole hallucination world in sports. Internet was the key that made fantasy sports into the huge game that it is today. Fantasy leagues make it possible for millions of people to have pick and manage a team the fashion they think it should be done. However, some people soon realize that they would not make a good coach because they cannot even do well among their peers. The internet allowed for anybody to take place in these various fantasy leagues. Fantasy sports have b een around for more than three decades. Fantasy sports like many other fads began in California in the 1960s when a small group of men at a bar decided they could make better decisions than the coaches playing the game. (Fantasy sports leagues score big on Internet). This new fad caught on with many other guys and it was not too long until a lot of businesses started weft up this new sport. For the first time in history the common people started to get the sense that they could be a coach and manage how a team should be ran. However, this was a tedious task that took a lot of time for whoever ran these leagues. These people had to keep track of the players statistics that went on during that week. The internet made it a lot easier and faster to run and mai... ...abled a small group of friends or workers at a business to participate in the fantasy leagues. Without this medium fantasy sports as we know them today would not be anywhere as near as it is. It would still only have thous ands of players sooner of millions of players. Fantasy sport leagues offer something to the public that gives them a sense of control on how they think sporting teams should be ran. Sources Works Cited Isidore, Chris. The Ultimate Fantasy-profits CNN/Money. 2 Sept. 2003 www.money.com/2003/08/29/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz Fantasy Sports leagues score big on Internet. Dallas Morning News. 25 Sept. 2000. www.jsonline.com/bym/tech/news/sep00/fantasy26092500. Fantasy Sports participation on the rise, association says. St. Louis Business Journal. 14 August 2003. www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/2003/08/11/daily62.html

Fantasy Sports on the Internet Essay -- Expository Essays Research Pap

legerdemain Sports on the InternetThe Internet is something that is common in todays society. The internets uses vary from lecture online to getting information on just about anything one wants. This new phenomenon was an instant hit and in the mid 90s the internet was beingness found in more and more households. The internet opened up opportunities for many things such as easy access to any information, online shopping, being competent to talk to people on the other side of the world with no cost, and it set up the whole fantasy world in sports. Internet was the notice that make fantasy sports into the huge game that it is today. Fantasy leagues make it possible for millions of people to have pick and manage a team up the way they deem it should be done. However, some people soon realize that they would not make a good coach because they cannot even do well among their peers. The internet allowed for anybody to top place in these various fantasy leagues. Fantasy sports have been around for more than three decades. Fantasy sports like many other fads began in calcium in the 1960s when a small group of men at a bar decided they could make better decisions than the coaches playing the game. (Fantasy sports leagues build big on Internet). This new fad caught on with many other guys and it was not too long until a lot of businesses started picking up this new sport. For the first time in history the common people started to get the sense that they could be a coach and manage how a team should be ran. However, this was a tedious task that took a lot of time for whoever ran these leagues. These people had to keep track of the players statistics that went on during that week. The internet made it a lot easier and faster to run and mai... ...abled a small group of friends or workers at a business to participate in the fantasy leagues. Without this spiritualist fantasy sports as we know them today would not be anywhere as near as it is. It would still only hav e thousands of players instead of millions of players. Fantasy sport leagues offer something to the public that gives them a sense of control on how they think sporting teams should be ran. Sources Works Cited Isidore, Chris. The Ultimate Fantasy-profits CNN/Money. 2 Sept. 2003 www.money.com/2003/08/29/ definition/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz Fantasy Sports leagues score big on Internet. Dallas Morning News. 25 Sept. 2000. www.jsonline.com/bym/tech/news/sep00/fantasy26092500. Fantasy Sports participation on the rise, association says. St. Louis Business Journal. 14 haughty 2003. www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/2003/08/11/daily62.html

Effective adjustment to a new environment Essay

Adjusting to CollegeWelcome to college Attending college is mavin of the firstborn major life renewals for legion(predicate) young adults. Some students ar excited to take on the in the raw experiences of campus life, while another(prenominal)s feel apprehensive more or less making this change. Regardless of your out go to when beginning your first year of college, you whitethorn benefit from talking with others who begin already made that transition.Making the TransitionWhat are some of the most common changes you dissolve expect in the first year on campus? New environment and relationships. First year students essential adapt to an unfamiliar environment, adjust to different living arrangements, and develop new relationships. backing with roommates whitethorn be the first test freshmen experience. Students face the challenge of adjusting to roommates who may have very different boundaries and individual needs than family and friends from home. Roommates may or may not develop close friendships, but communication and compromise can build a smoother transition. College brings a unique opportunity to interact and run low with students from various backgrounds and subtletys. Expanding your worldview by learning about for each one others differences and kindredities will likely enhance your college experience. Greater personal granting immunity. Living on your protest for the first time means that you will gain independence and take charge of the many choices and decisions that your parents and teachers made for you in the past. While this new found freedom can be exciting, it may also feel overwhelming and less predictable than what you are accustomed to. The freedom to manage your daily life is a learning process, but matchless that can be very satisfying. Added responsibility. First-year students must manage the important daily responsibilities that accompany their increased personal freedom. Students must manage basic tasks much(prenominal ) as eating, sleeping, exercising, and breathing out to mark. New students must also address more complex responsibilities such as balancing canvass and socializing, participating in clubs and activities, and handling finances. Managing time is a demandthat all first-year students experience. A typical day in college is less structured than eminent school, and there is more reading and studying that is required outside of discipline. Some students may feel as if they have no free time to do anything but schoolwork, while others feel like they have too much free time outside of the classroom. Changing relationships. While there are many changes occurring in your new campus life, there will also be changes in your relationships. New students often face challenges such as best friends going to other universities, beginning new romantic relationships or maintaining existing ones, and juggling newly formed relationships with already established ones. Students must balance a sense o f connecter and separation while at college. Some freshmen feel the need to call or e-mail home several times a week in the first few months away, while others require less frequent communication with their family and friends.Common StressorsThe first year of college is a new and exciting adventure, but one that may come with a few challenges along the way. What are some of the most common stressors that first-year students experience? Time Management. Now that you are in college, there are no more eight hour school days like those in many high schools. You may have class for six, three, or even zero hours a day. The rest of your time must be negotiated between homework, clubs and activities, work, socializing, and self-care. College students often feel as if there is just not enough time to do everything that needs to be done. Using a schedule and some organizational skills will help you to effectively manage your agitated and changing life. Academic Performance. By nature, colle ge coursework is challenging, and it can be hard to keep up with the increased academic demands. Some students undergo pressure from both themselves and their parents. there may be requirements for scholarships and graduate school admission that you have not previously experienced. In order to manage the increased demands and expectations, it is important to attend class regularly, keep up withreadings and assignments, and ask for help when you need it. Professors and teaching assistants are there to assist you, and want you to succeed. If you need additional help, various organizations on campus purpose tutoring services, many of which are free. Alpha Lambda Delta Freshman Honor Society, Office of Minority Student Affairs, and University Residence Halls Academic Assistance are a few such services that offer tutoring at no cost. Roommate Conflict. Learning to live with someone new can be one of the most challenging aspects of going to college. Different living habits are the most common source of roommate conflict (i.e. neat vs. messy quiet vs. noisy early-to-bed vs. up-all-night). Failure to communicate your expectations about living together can lead to tension and eventually conflict. To avoid roommate fallout you should communicate your needs and expectations respectfully, while recognizing your own habits and quirks that might profess your relationship. If conflict does escalate you should take it to a Resident Advisor, Resident Director, or a Counselor to determine a course of action. Long Distance geological dating Relationships. It is not uncommon for first-year students to begin college in a long distance dating relationship. Where at one time this relationship may have helped you cope with everyday stress, it could now be a source of distress due to the distance between you and your accomplice. Uncertainty in what the future holds for the relationship is one of the most common stressors experienced by college students in long distance dating rel ationships. There are a few key efforts that each partner can make to lessen the sting of separation. Verbal communication, openness, and assurance of one another can reduce stress associated with being separated. It is also essential for each partner to seek social support from others and remain active in their individual lives while apart. Body Image. Many college students also struggle with body image. Our culture pays a great deal of attention to the appearance of our bodies, particularly during young adulthood. Media representations of the ideal body, messages from peers, and other cultural factors shape what we perceive as normal or good. It can be difficult to have a clear, healthyperspective on ourselves and our bodies when our culture sends so many confusing, conflicting, and sometimes unhealthy messages. This can be stressful at a time when many are trying to fit in with others and make new, exciting relationships. If you find yourself preoccupied with how you look or beco me distressed about your body, discussing your concerns and ideas with someone can be extremely helpful in creating, developing, and maintaining a body image that is healthful and fulfilling.Recommendations for first College StudentsWhat steps can you take to have a great first year of college? Be patient. While campus may seem new and overwhelming for new students, it becomes more familiar with time. Refer to the many resources available to assist you in navigating your surroundings. Maps, your R.A., upper-level students, and the university Website are all useful tools to get you through the initial transition to campus. Connect with other students. If you talk to other students, you are likely to discover that they share similar questions and concerns. Your R.A. is an excellent person to go to when issues arise. She or he is render to help you solve problems and refer you to appropriate resources. Get involved. Student organizations are a fun way to interact with other students and faculty. Meeting people with similar interests and goals is an exciting way to make friends and participate in social activities. Utilize resources. There are numerous resources on campus designed to create a honor college experience. A range of offices and programs, such as cultural houses and the LGBTQ office, are offered to assist the diverse campuss needs. In addition, there are numerous sources of support such as the Office of Dean of Students, the Counseling Center, the Career Center, your Academic Advisor, financial aid programs, and mentoring/tutoring programs offered to address various student needs. Care for yourself. The foundation for a prolific college career is a healthy lifestyle. Take the necessary steps for nurturance, getting adequate rest, socializing, and physical activity. Campus Recreation offers several resources that students can utilize to work towards wellness. The ARC, CRCE, and the wellness Center are just a few campus facilities that strive to promo te healthy practices and to educatethe campus community on various health topics.

Wal-Mart Seafood Supply Chain Case Study

Coursework Header Sheet186714-156 Course BUSI1150 E-Log & Int Sup Chain Mgt 15c Course School/Level BU/PG Coursework Re search Report Assessment Weight 70. 00% indoctrinate Y Lin Submission Deadline 30/03/2012 Coursework is receipted on the understanding that it is the students stimulate work and that it has not, in whole or part, been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from opposite sources it has been decent acknowledged in accordance with the Universitys Regulations regarding Cheating and Plagiarism. 00714534Shabbir Bhanpurawala Tutors comments Grade Awarded___________ For Office Use Only__________ Final Grade_________ Moderation requiredyes/no Tutor______________________ Date _______________ How should Wal-Mart rationalize its seafood bring kitchen stove to reduce damages and promote sustainability? In? depth abridgment on the case Wal-Marts sustainability outline (C) Inventory management in the seafood emerge drawing string. And to an alyze How should Walmart rationalize its seafood allow drawstring to reduce costs and promote sustainability? 1. IntroductionAccording to (Anon, 2012) Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is an U. S based multinational retailer that runs chain of large discounted departmental stores storage warehouse store and was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and it was labeled Walmart in 2000. Its headquarter is located in Bentonville, Arkansas. In the former stratum (2011) it generated revenue of US$ 421. 849 cardinal. It has near 8500 stores in 15 countries, under 55 different names. It operates as Walmex in Mexico, Asda in United Kingdom, Seiyu in Japan, Sams Club in sum America, Walmart itself in U. S. A in India as Best Price.Walmart is also the worlds largest private employer with above 2 million employees also the biggest retailer in the whole world. Walmart had also to face severe competition from its rivals in numerous parts of the world. Sea-food is a key aspect of Walmart. As it is a larges t sea-food retailer in whole world, the play along is facing certain drawbacks repugns of cultivating sea-food sustainability at a low cost. There is an upward trend on the demand of sea-food which is 5 times more(prenominal) than during the last five decades. This solutioned into tilting of three quarters of the world weighteries at sustainable limits or crossing the limits.Walmart is also operative with Marine Stewardship Council ( disseminated multiple sclerosis), World Wildlife memory board (WWF) and Conservation International (CI) for producing sustainable sea-food. All these organizations as a genius are trying to motivate the sea-food suppliers to build again the stocks, promote plants that bind together fishery management practices and encourage reducing impact on the spirit to support the ecosystem as well. The main aim objective of this report on Walmart sea-food lend chain is that how Walmart should rationalize its value chain to reduce cost and promote sust ainability 2. Challenges of Wal-Marts preparation chainAccording to (Denend, 2010) Wal-Marts income was around $750 million annually in sea food during 2007. Though in 1900 the output of world fisheries decreased to three per cent, Wal-Marts sea-food furrow was booming at approximately 25% every year as a result the continuous allow was alone the biggest challenge faced by the sea-food network. One of the challenges for the familiarity to sustain strategy was to get its suppliers to espouse up the Marine Stewardship Councils certification program because then by end of 2011 the company would be able to sell 100 portion MSC certified wild caught sea-food. overly, to achieve the goal of selling wholly MSC certified wild fish Walmart pull up stakes have to increase the number of fisheries render plants through its suppliers as a result it go out become more complex, time consuming increase more efforts without increasing the profits. According to (Chilcote, 2012) in that l ocation is a huge problem with the wild pacific salmon as the population is decreasing day-by-day from past 100 years trillions of dollars are being spent to hold off the decrease.Nonetheless, wild pacific salmon are fished near the shore or the ocean between May and September because they sire in their river habitats during these months. The other challenge was that wild pacific salmon were depleting and protecting them was a great challenge as it was substantiatingly posing a threat to Walmart and its sea food supply chain. According to (Denend, 2010) major challenge was that commercial search of wild salmon was only permitted to the people who had permits that also for a limited period of time or season.Also, the duration of this season fluctuated each year so that the wild pacific salmon of each type would be protected and they would return back to spawn in the river habitats. As a result, Walmart would not have sufficient amount of stock for wild pacific salmon and was pos ing a threat to its supply chain the duration of fishing was volatile because if salmon would come back in greater quantity then the fishing season would continue for an increase period of time if they would go back then the season would shut down earlier, so the quantity and availability was not fixed in nature and this was also among the few ossible challenging reason for Walmart. There are numerous other divisors present which would increase the cost price of Wal-Marts supply chain either directly or mediately which are also the major challenges for Wal-Marts sea-food supply chain. Like, The Fishin Company was a major supplier of frozen fish fillets in U. S. A to Walmart and this company used to buy directly from the commercial fisherman where the market had a great fluctuation in prices i. e. pproximately 30% in between the season, also the trading would suddenly stop without a prior notice due to early shut down of the season. This scenario would cause an impact on the aver age prices which was approximately one dollar per lbs. of chum or pink salmon both gutted headed. Then the Fishin Company would export the fish to China for backpacking in barricadeers that would cost around 15 cents per lbs. In next stage the containers are sent for packaging, forwarding, labeling re-freezing which adds upto more 15 U.S cents per lbs. in that case also only half of the fish is usable for fillets and rest is abandon. The other stages involved frozen storage facility that was 1 cent per lbs. , then go onling holding tumble altogether cost $0. 6 per lbs. per month and the last fee which incurred 15 U. S cents was for transportation. So in totality it would cost Walmart $2. 05 per pound and plus other expenses for shipping the fish to its super centers.As a result it was adding up to the cost price which was not only a challenge in Wal-Marts supply chain unless also it posed as a threat from its competitors. According to (Denend, 2010) on that point could be a nother way to process the fish and that was in Alaska but it also had certain drawbacks like the labor cost was pretty expensive as compared to China and also similar processor was used for sundry(a) distinct types of fish coming from various nations that also on different time throughout the year. This would again increase the cost price which was indeed a big challenge.The other challenges that sea food supplier face in context with sustainable sea-food ccommitments are that customers are not pass oning to pay for the change magnitude costs associated with a more sustainable harvest-feast and the inability to calculate a return on the investment made in implementation corporation restrict resources and flock challenge support for the policy internally (Rogers, 2011). One more problem related to this quote is that due to scattered lengthy supply chain, verifying and controlling is a hard caper because certain situations like power are not in avor as well as the kind with t he suppliers are delicate. This set-back was a direct challenge to the Wal-Marts supply chain. Also the price of MSC certified fish was 20% more than that of non-certified fish of the same category. However, it was next to im manageable for Walmart to charge an extra amount of money because their consumers did not understand the value of MSC Eco label. (Plambeck Denend, 2011) According to (Owens, 2008) the main challenge or threat for the Walmarts sea food supply chain was over-fishing.As we know that fish is a natural food resource, it is still being hunted on an foreign scale as a result there is scarcity of the stock. On the other the farmed fish are of inferior qualtiy as compared to wild fish. The consequences of over fishing are drastic. From the expert source it is concluded that as of 2003, Twenty nine percent of open sea fisheries are depleting furthermore if the practises still continues then it is predicted that there exit be a world wide collapse of mairne fisheries by 2050.Moreover the United Nations Food Agriculture Organization has stated that Fifty-two percent of the orbicular stock of fish are being exploited to the maximum where twenty four percent are over exploited, diminishing or recovering, twenty one percent are exploited on a medium scale whereas only three percent of the total population are under exploited. This statistics forget create a direct effect on Walmart and its share holders as well.The above mentioned ideas, attributes statistics are major source for challenges to the Walmarts sea-food supply chain. These are causing a threat to Walmarts sea-food supplu chain, its consumers, stakeholders, sea-food suppliers and also to the environment. 3. Recommendations For all the challenges the drawbacks mentioned in the case study, there are certain solutions in which Walmart merchantman rationalize its sea-food supply chain to reduce cost promote sustainability.According to (Walmart, 2008) they have started carrying MSC cert ified Chilean Sea Bass across three ampere-second stores worldwide in 2007 are also working together to make sure that all of its wild caught frozen fish are MSC certified which meets the independent environmental standards as a result it will promote sustainability. Walmart, apart from certifying products they are also working with Conservation International other such organizations to research in Marine Protected Areas that is stabilizing in preserving wildlife fish.One of the recommendations to Walmarts sea-food supply chain to reduce cost can be that it can provide incentives bonuses to the fisherman and also to the fish boat operators based on the maximum amount of salmon they could catch as fast as possible during the peak time of the season and till the season ends. As a result it will boost the fish mongers for the incentives create competition amongst them and directly there will be enough supply of sea-food to the Walmart and can easily get up down the cost price wh en there is abundant stock of wild fish (Denend, 2010).Managing the supply chain is a bit difficult task but while doing it there are certain aspects to be kept in mind which will help to defeat the risk of the sea food supply chain of Walmart in order to reduce cost and promote sustainability. Those aspects are analyzing realizing the main source of threat of the supply chain, concluding the serious outcomes of the process, considering the main aspects prudent and giving solutions to decrease the risk challenges of the value chain.Walmart has undertaken MSC certification program to promote sustainability but on the contrary it is very time consuming as it takes one year to complete the process. Moreover, it is quite expensive and a tough job to acquire the certificate for its suppliers and plus it is very complex as there are lots of steps involved in obtaining it. So, the solution to this challenge is that rather than forcing its suppliers to under take the MSC certificate Walm art can establish its own type control check in order to reduce the cost and sustain the sea food value chain.The main advantage of such quality control check will be that it will not be as expensive as compared to the MSC certificate program and plus it will be less time consuming which will have a direct impact on the cost of production the supply chain. As a result the consumers wont end paying a premium price on the product because consumers are more obsessed about the price factor rather than being concerned about the label brand of the Marine Stewardship Council (Denend, 2010). Also the challenge of Walmart related to its supply of near proximo term was that its crease is based on transaction.So, if one buyer price is higher than normal then the procurement of abundant fish supply was a tough task for the company even though the company has made an agreement. Also the supplier in the upcoming consignment starts provding fish of poor quality as compared to product supplied initially. Hence it is recommended that the company needs to take the certification of MSC in order to deal with such kind of set-backs. On the other hand the company can try to cut down the cost of MSC certification.Boat operators and fishermen pay the direct cost for the processing plants and also there might be indirect cost related to the certification. Suppose in case while repopulation take place and the most depleted fish stock fisheries supposed to reduce their catches, indirect cost gets associated. Few of the fisheries can identify differentiation opportunities thru competition. With the help of certification discipline, supply can be maintained for a longer period of time. Also the cost of production will tend to reduce creating a great value to the supply chain.Another solution to promote sustainability is that Walmart can breed farm raised fish. As we know that species of wild sea-food are on the verge of extinction and plus it is forecasted that within fifty years i t will collapse, so one of the possible recommendation is to farm raise the salmon. There are advantages of farm raised or rather organic fish i. e. organic fishes do not contain heavy metal pollutants, on the other hand wild fish are likely to be more contaminated. As a result it will create an impact on the consumers who are more health conscious nowadays (The Natural Path, 2012).Evironmental sustainability is also important for Walmart because doing the right thing pro-actively builds a alliance bond of trust with its share holders which indirectly effects the supply chain. Walmart should also introduce eco-labeling which has become a key tool in comsumer awareness and can be exemplified by examples like fair trade, certified organic, etc. The aim of eco-label is to communicate with the customers regarding the environmental as well as social effects on manufacturing a commondity to decrease the negative impacts.As a result there will be a greater market share, price mark ups high brink of profits which is one of the recommendations to gain high profit and promote its sustainability (Owens, 2008). According to (Store Brand Decision, 2010) a major strategy for Walmart which will reduce the the cost of its supply chain is to combine all the purchasing stores across the nations as a result it will diminish the involvement of intermediaries and they can buy directly from the producers which will have an direct impact on the supply chain which in return will help to reduce cost. Although Walmart spend around One hundred billion U.S Dollars on store brand apparel great value commodities like frozen sea food, not more than twenty percent is bought from the producers. The company which is known for its pugnacious supplier bargain has the power to leverage its scale for discounts operating in more than fifteen nations worldwide has obtain commodities nation by nation which is intend to shift. Within five years they are planning the move, to direct manufacurer purchasing that could take anywhere between five fifteen percent of cost from the value chain as result the companys savings would be anywhere around four billion to twelve billion U.S Dollars with sales above four hundred billion U. S dollars worldwide. Walmart can rationalize their sea-food supply chain management by reducing the involvement of middlemen intermediaries, interpreting network partner assistance to suppliers, formulating and discovering new ideas, technologies and also finding its goals objectives. They can also merge direct providers of goods commodities, play a role of a embodied having social responsibility certifying, labeling, etc environmentally sustainable goods. Also by licensing environmental creations and upgradation.Walmart can also restructure redevelop the buyers role as well as commit to higher amount of environmental eco-friendly sustainable products. These are various aspects and criteria which Walmart can apply to rationalize its value chain. In the past Walmart mainly focussed on the demands of consumers in terms of pricing decision assortment of product for a long period of time, but in the present and near future the company needs to re-structure to keep sustainability intact into its product assortment and pricing decision in order to grow and move ahead.This will result into superfluous purchase and also attracting new consumers with the greening of brand new products, while it decrease the demand of the current ongoing commodities of conventional products. On the other hand it may also tend to increase the inventory cost and sourcing mainly because of product assortment at the initial stage. Walmart should also communicate with its consumers by conducting feedback or surveys, as the company always felt that they had hardships in communicating with its customers.Their mode/channel of communication requires to advertise cautiously the performance of green and eco-friendly goods so as a result it will have an impac t on its current conventional commodities. They should also posses certain relative and reliable piece of information which will help them to defend and justify the advantages of the goods in terms of health, safety environmental friendly. Such kind of promotion of attributes is next to impossible for a commodity, if the company itself is in doubt about the impacts on environment, its safety and effectiveness. . Conclusion So hence we can sum all the challenges and recommendations and can conclude that sustaniability is not the problem which can be differentiated from the business of the Walmart neither it can be analyzed with an un-existing program or with a corporate socail responsibility practice of Walmart. It runs parallel to its mission, stick culture. Similar is the case with the sae-food supply chain. On concluding this report it is outlined on how to reduce cost and promote sustainability. Certain giant leap has to be undertaken in regarding with this case.This attribute s can only be achievable if Walmart recognized its set-backs and assess the circumstances correctly. They can also introduce certain metrics models to inject into its business to achieve sustainability and reduce its cost both at the same time. Also their strategies and policy should be in the favor of the nature and environment so as to promote sustainability. References Bibliography Anon. (2012, work 25). An introduction to walmart. com. Retrieved March 25, 2012, from www. walmart. com http//www. walmart. com/cp/An-Introduction-to-Walmart. com/542413 Chilcote, D. S. (2012).Riverscape Analysis Project. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from www. umt. edu http//www. umt. edu/flbs/research/Whitepapers/The%20Riverscape%20Analysis%20Project%20v5. pdf Decision, S. B. (2010, January 5). Wal-Mart to Reduce tally Chain Costs Systemwide. Retrieved March 29, 2012, from www. storebrandsdecision. com http//www. storebrandsdecisions. com/news/2010/01/05/wal-mart-to-reduce-supply-chain-costs-systemwide Denend, L. (2010, June 12). Walmarts sustainability strategy (C) Inventory management in the sea-food supplu chain. Retrieved March 26, 2012, from www. gsb. stanford. edu http//www. gsb. tanford. edu/scforum/login/documents/OIT71. pdf Owens, M. (2008). An analysis of MSC. Sustainable Seafood Labeling. Path, T. N. (2012). Organic Meat, Organic Dairy Products and Farm Raised Fish. Retrieved March 29, 2012, from www. the-natural-path. com http//www. the-natural-path. com/organic-meat. html Plambeck, E. , & Denend, L. (2011). The Greening of Walmarts Supply Chain. Supply Chain Management Review. Rogers, E. (2011). Exercising Responsibility in the Seafood Supply Chain. Walmart. (2008, May). WAL-MART STORES, INC. IS OFFERING SUSTAINABLE SEAFOOD. Retrieved March 29, 2012, from www. almart. com http//walmartstores. com/Sustainability/7951. aspx Works Cited Anon. (2012, March 25). An introduction to walmart. com. Retrieved March 25, 2012, from www. walmart. com http//www. walmart. com/cp/An -Introduction-to-Walmart. com/542413 Chilcote, D. S. (2012). Riverscape Analysis Project. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from www. umt. edu http//www. umt. edu/flbs/research/Whitepapers/The%20Riverscape%20Analysis%20Project%20v5. pdf Decision, S. B. (2010, January 5). Wal-Mart to Reduce Supply Chain Costs Systemwide. Retrieved March 29, 2012, from www. storebrandsdecision. com http//www. torebrandsdecisions. com/news/2010/01/05/wal-mart-to-reduce-supply-chain-costs-systemwide Denend, L. (2010, June 12). Walmarts sustainability strategy (C) Inventory management in the sea-food supplu chain. Retrieved March 26, 2012, from www. gsb. stanford. edu http//www. gsb. stanford. edu/scforum/login/documents/OIT71. pdf Owens, M. (2008). An analysis of MSC. Sustainable Seafood Labeling. Path, T. N. (2012). Organic Meat, Organic Dairy Products and Farm Raised Fish. Retrieved March 29, 2012, from www. the-natural-path. com http//www. the-natural-path. com/organic-meat. html Plambeck, E. , &

Confirmation Bias Essay

Confirmation bias can influence perceptions is about not exclusively what has already occurred just also our predictions of what yet occur. Confirmation bias can generate their own confirmations, some of these perceptions and predictions (Myers, 2012, p. 72). The phenomenon of confirmation bias starts with overconfidence, which can originate in a lose of knowledge regarding a topic or task. It I was to ask someone that is overconfident if they were good at some task or operation in which they no experience or expertise, they would answer with a resounding affirmation that they would be good at any task they do. However, this overconfidence may only be born of an ignorance of what the task or operation really requires to be performed successfully. Some times it is our memories that lead us astray into a false confidence.Remembering times when we were almost right perhaps (Myers, 2012, p. 75). We can often remember what we want to remember rather than what actually occurred. We ofte n hear what we wanted to hear. Sometimes we even up tell ourselves there were reasons for some of our less conscious actions. Intellectual deceit is a phenomenon that fortifies and cultivates the occurrence of confirmation bias. Myers (2012) states The intellectual conceit evident in judgments of previous(prenominal) knowledge (I knew it all along) extends to estimates of current knowledge and predictions of prox behavior. We know weve messed up in the past. But we have more positive expectations for our future performance in meeting deadlines, managing relationships, following an exercise routine, and so forth (p. 72).Another statement by Myers (2012) is The construction of positive memories brightens our recollections (p. 77). I believe this leaning helps us not only to develop enough intellectual deceit to become overconfident which leads to bias, but also this inherent psychosocial, psychological trait or habit causes us to recall our previous thoughts, intentions, and actio ns insuch a way that sheds favorable enough light on them for us to then grasp if not generate some sort of confirmation of our bias.

Usa and it policies

Ukraine, which was until 2008 Bucharest summit extended its support ND participation towards NATO forces, has now turned indifferent and cold to US under the presidency of Victor Hancock. Its necessary to recall the actions of the United States in Afghanistan, in Iraq, in Libya, where they acted either without and imprimatur from United Nations Security Council or distort the contents of the resolution, as it happened in Libya. US is often accused of having different yardsticks on the issue of military intervention.The current crisis is not only about Ukraine. However, the solvent of the East-West standoff in Ukraine may be crucial for deciding the success or failure of Russians new policy of defiance. Crimea was Putting trump card and he played it well. Despite the load threats of sanctions and other punitive actions by the west, President Vladimir Putting went along with the wishes of the people of the Crimean peninsula and on march 21 duly subscribe a treaty incorporating the region into the Russian Federation.And Russia seem to receive an unprecedented support from many developing counties Including BRICKS nations which declared to have no appetite for the sanction regime that the west wants to impose on Russia and regretted the use of sanctions as a weapon against Russia. While on the contrary the 67 leaders meeting at The Hogue In the last week of March decided unanimously to suspend Russia from the 68.The GO leaders Issued a statement condemning what they termed as Russians Illegal attempts to offstage Crimea In contravention to International law. The 67 leaders warned that they would Intensify actions that could have a escalating Impact on the Russian economy Though Putting gave an authorisation that there would be no further moves to split Ukraine despite the growing glamour among the Russian speaking parts of eastern Ukraine for breaking awayWell, there still a lot more to this undying wave of rattling animosity. The world Is transforming, chan ge Is Inevitable and India for now advised to remain clang to Its Non conjunctive policy and refrain Itself from stepping Into the chaos USA and it policies By reestablishment unprecedented support from many developing counties including BRICKS nations While on the contrary the 67 leaders meeting at The Hogue in the last week of March decided unanimously to suspend Russia from the 68.The 67 leaders issued a statement condemning what they termed as Russians illegal attempts to append Crimea in contravention to international law. The 67 leaders warned that they would intensify actions that could have a significant impact on the Russian economy

Deception Point Page 64

Holy shit The pilot pulled back on the stick, jolting upward.The black quid of steel rose before them bulge out of the waves without warning. A gargantuan unmarked submarine blew its ballast and rose on a cloud of bubbles.The pilots exchanged sickening laughs. Guess thats them.As ordered, the transaction proceeded beneath complete radio silence. The doublewide portal on the peak of the sail opened and a seaman flashed them signals with a strobe light. The chopper then moved over the sub and dropped a cardinal-man rescue harness, essentially three rubberized loops on a retractable cable. Within sixty seconds, the three unknown danglers were swinging downstairs the chopper, ascending slowly against the downdraft of the rotors.When the copilot hauled them aboard-two men and a woman-the pilot flashed the sub the all clear. Within seconds, the enormous vessel disappeared beneath the windswept sea, leaving no trace it had ever been there.With the passengers safely aboard, the chopper pilot faced front, dipped the nose of the chopper, and accelerated south to complete his mission. The attack was closing fast, and these three strangers were to be brought safely back to Thule AFB for further jet transport. Where they were headed, the pilot had no idea. All he knew was that his orders had been from high up, and he was transporting precise precious cargo.75When the Milne storm finally exploded, unleashing its full force on the NASA habisphere, the dome shuddered as if ready to lift off the ice and launch out to sea. The steel stabilizing cables pulled taut against their stakes, vibrating like wide guitar strings and letting out a doleful drone. The generators outside stuttered, causing the lights to flicker, threatening to plunge the huge room into total blackness.NASA administrator Lawrence Ekstrom strode across the interior of the dome. He wished he were getting the hell out of here tonight, but that was non to be. He would retain another day, giving addition al on-site press conferences in the morning and overseeing preparations to transport the meteorite back to Washington. He wanted nothing more at the minute of arc than to get some sleep the days unexpected problems had taken a lot out of him.Ekstroms thoughts turned yet again to Wailee Ming, Rachel Sexton, Norah Mangor, Michael Tolland, and Corky Marlinson. Some of the NASA staff had begun noticing the civilians were missing.Relax, Ekstrom told himself. eachthing is under control.He breathed deeply, reminding himself that everyone on the planet was excited about NASA and space right now. Extraterrestrial life hadnt been this exciting a topic since the famous Roswell attendant back in 1947-the alleged crash of an alien spaceship in Roswell, young Mexico, which was now the shrine to millions of flying saucer-conspiracy theorists even today.During Ekstroms years working at the Pentagon, he had learned that the Roswell incident had been nothing more than a multitude accident during a classified operation called Project Mogul-the flight test of a make out balloon being designed to listen in on Russian atomic tests. A prototype, while being tested, had drifted off course and crashed in the New Mexico desert. Unfortunately, a civilian found the wreckage before the military did.Unsuspecting rancher William Brazel had stumbled across a debris field of radical synthesized neoprene and lightweight metals unlike anything hed ever seen, and he immediately called in the sheriff. Newspapers carried the story of the bizarre wreckage, and public interest grew fast. Fueled by the militarys denial that the wreckage was theirs, reporters launched investigations, and the covert status of Project Mogul came into serious jeopardy. besides as it seemed the sensitive issue of a spy balloon was about to be revealed, something wonderful happened.The media drew an unexpected conclusion. They decided the scraps of futuristic means could only have come from an extraterrestrial sourc e-creatures more scientifically advanced than humans. The militarys denial of the incident obviously had to be one thing only-a cover-up of clear up with aliens Although baffled by this new hypothesis, the air force was not about to look a gift horse in the mouth. They grabbed the alien story and ran with it the worlds hesitancy that aliens were visiting New Mexico was far less a threat to national security than that of the Russians catching wind of Project Mogul.To fuel the alien cover story, the intuition community shrouded the Roswell incident in secrecy and began orchestrating security leaks-quiet murmurings of alien contacts, recovered spaceships, and even a mysterious Hangar 18 at Daytons Wright-Patterson Air perpetrate Base where the government was keeping alien bodies on ice. The world bought the story, and Roswell fever swept the globe. From that moment on, whenever a civilian mistakenly spotted an advanced U.S. military aircraft, the intelligence community simply dust ed off the old conspiracy.Thats not an aircraft, thats an alien spaceshipEkstrom was amazed to think this simple deception was still working today. Every time the media reported a sudden flurry of UFO sightings, Ekstrom had to laugh. Chances were some lucky civilian had caught a glimpse of one of the NROs fifty-seven fast-moving, unmanned reconnaissance mission aircraft known as Global Hawks-oblong, remote-controlled aircraft that looked like nothing else in the sky.Ekstrom found it pathetic that countless tourists still made pilgrimages to the New Mexico desert to view the night skies with their video cameras. Occasionally one got lucky and captured hard evidence of a UFO-bright lights flitting around the sky with more maneuverability and speed than any aircraft humans had ever built. What these people failed to realize, of course, was that there existed a twelve-year lag between what the government could build and what the public knew about. These UFO-gazers were simply catching a glimpse of the next contemporaries of U.S. aircraft being developed out at Area 51-many of which were the brainstorms of NASA engineers. Of course, intelligence officials never corrected the misconception it was obviously preferable that the world read about another UFO sighting than to have people learn the U.S. militarys true flight capabilities.But everything has changed now, Ekstrom thought. In a few hours, the extraterrestrial myth would become a support reality, forever.Administrator? A NASA technician hurried across the ice behind him. You have an emergency secure call in the PSC.Ekstrom sighed, turning. What the hell could it be now? He headed for the communications trailer.The technician hurried along beside him. The guys manning the radar in the PSC were curious, sir Yeah? Ekstroms thoughts were still far away.The fat-body sub stationed off the coast here? We were wondering why you didnt bear on it to us.Ekstrom glanced up. Im sorry?The submarine, sir? You could have at least told the guys on radar. Additional seaboard security is understandable, but it took our radar team off guard.Ekstrom halt short. What submarine?The technician stopped now too, clearly not expecting the administrators surprise. Shes not part of our operation?No Where is it?The technician swallowed hard. About three miles out. We caught her on radar by chance. Only surfaced for a duo minutes. Pretty big blip. Had to be a fat-body. We figured youd asked the navy to stand watch over this op without telling any of us.Ekstrom stared. I most certainly did notNow the technicians voice wavered. Well, sir, then I guess I should inform you that a sub just rendezvoused with an aircraft right off the coast here. Looked like a personnel change. Actually, we were all pretty impressed anyone would attempt a wet-dry vertical in this kind of wind.

Prisons and Jails

The g eachw here(predicate)nment has imposed punishment as a government agency to control crime. There argon four key justifications for punishing criminals retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation (Seiter, R. P. , 2005). These four justifications serve as the goals of the United States correctional system. The other side of retribution can be simply stated that when an offender commits a crime, he must be punished for his actions. Retribution serves as a means to oblige the general public safe. (Seiter, R. P. , 2005).In so many ways offenders are punished due to the crimes they commit, you are locked up in a cell and you delay in that location until you go in front of the judge and receive a sentence if found guilty. Now there are fines you must pay for accredited crimes, community service is another consequence for a crime you have committed. No matter what the crime you will have to suffer the consequences for them. Incarceration is the close common exam ple of punishment in the correctional system, but the death penalty and lesser penalties such as probation are also designed to be punitive.Perhaps the most obvious goals of the correctional system is to punish those who are found guilty of crimes. In theory this is suppose to serve as a deterrent against one repeating criminal activity and as an example to others of why criminal activity should be avoided. It is unclear how well the modern U. S. correctional system achieves these goals and whether the money invested in the correctional system might be better spent. The main question is does punishment deter crime at on the whole? Retribution is an act of moral vengeance which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime committed (Macionis, 2006). mass have a choice whether or not to do a crime. How Does Our Correctional System Rehabilitate Offenders? In the early 1900s rehabilitation had emerged as the primary theory of corrections and shaped eve ry aspect of correctional policy and practice. Then in the 1960s and 1970s rehabilitation was attacked for not having evidentiary standing and in the resulting turmoil. Rehabilitation has been shown to jockstrap offenders to not re-offend where as the other theories have shown to have little to no effect on the reoccurring crime tell and some in fact have been shown to have the opposite effect in increasing the reoccurring crime rate.On any given day there are more than s even out million Americans under the supervision of the correctional system which includes approximately 1. 5 million inmates incarceratedin jail, 4. 2 million on probation and over 828,000 on parole according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The statistics are staggering considering according to the U. S. Census the United States population is 307,006,550 (U. S. Census 2010). So, that means that approximately for every one hundred people two are incarcerated. Also according to the Disaster Center in 2009 31 ,916,949 crimes were committed in the United States.Giving inmates the chance to deal with the reason for entering prison and prison life, will promote alternative ways to handle negative behavioral issues (Hagebrook & Zgoba). The added medical and counsel care, in addition to requiring extensive pre-release counseling will alleviate prepare for constructive life outside of prison. Many inmates enter prison with a mental illness and many are unaware of the illness until they are imprisoned (cdcr. ca. gov). It would be very beneficial to treat the illness head on, at that point.Which Method Is more Effective? I feel that rehabilitation would be a more effective way in reducing crime for these reasons. When an inmate has access to options to help themselves change for the better and re-enter the outside world again, then they are willing to make a difference. Now Therapy is another form of rehabilitation needful to help deter individuals from committing future crimes. Some exampl es of therapy include drug therapy to those offenders addicted to drugs and psychological counseling to those offenders who grew up in an abusive domiciliatehold.Rehabilitation can help to solve the problem of overcrowding in most prisons. The criminal population continues growing, as the death penalty has been abolished, and the state would need to spend more on facilities to house criminals. Education is one of the ways in which this positive change was affected. Education works in two levels to successfully rehabilitate the criminal. I do happen upon that in criminal rehabilitation, prisoners are given opportunities to increase their content knowledge base. This is essential as studies show that many inmates do not have grassroots grade school education.Is will also impede their success of acquiring jobs, thus many had to turn to a life crime. Rehabilitation also ensures that inmates are socially well adjusted. Psychological assessments are being meted to test for mental or ph ysical disabilities that led to their incarceration in the first place. I personally do know a few ex cons and from what they went through in prison to get help for a better life out here in society was real nice to see, I havent seen them even step back to the old ways they had of committing crimes, and I always examine them tell me that they just want to keep their FreedomSo I do what I can to help them stay on the right track, and if they even think that it will make them happier to back track. I just throw up what they will be missing out on in this world, and how sustain their family members will be without them daily. So with that said I for sure think that Rehabilitation is the best for our convicts these days.

Amendment 2 “The Right to Bear Arms”

This report provides background information about the gage Amendment. Also it offers a viewpoint on the orderliness and nature of the problem office to hold up and tire out arms and discusses the two competing interpretations that predominates the Second Amendment. Furthermore this report identifies political, cultural, administrative, and law enforcement realities that pose enormous obstructions to formulating, passing, implementing, as wholesome as enforcing more flatulence agrees. IntroductionRegardless of world the subject of huge popular and political controversy, until relatively recently the Second Amendment was unitary of the most neglected areas of thorough scholarship. The regulation of arms is non fair a technical problem. It is an extremely charged ideological and emotional issue that carries an incredible amount of symbolic baggage. For Ameri rear end society, the debate over gun control is more like the debates over abortion and inform prayer than like a d ebate over motorcar safety.Millions of Americans, together with a noneworthy percentage of the intellectual elite, deal that guns are bad in themselves and that owning them is at best misguided and at worst pathological. For millions of American gun owners, the right to keep and exclude arms is associated to license and democracy it is an article of faith similar to the judgement that another(prenominal) Americans ingest in the centrality of freedom of speech and religion.That several Americans dismiss the right to corroborate arms as a myth that has no legal or ingrained reality is a ch bothenge to the believers worldview and offend to their very status in American society. It is just a short step to considering the proponents of gun prohibition as enemies to be resisted and condemned. both competing interpretations of the Second Amendment predominate, the collective or render of matters rights interpretation and the individual rights interpretation.In the collective r ights model, American citizens have no individual right to book arms such a right, it is argued, belongs merely to those in the state militias since the purpose of the Amendment was to reassure the states that through the maintenance of well regulated militias they would be capable to cherish themselves from any danger pose by the new national governments standing army.On the contrary, advocates of the individual rights interpretation contend that the Second Amendment entertains the rights of all individuals to keep and live arms (subject to certain conditions), not just those in the state militias that it is the right of the plenty. This, it is argued, is in reference to how the First, Fourth, Ninth, and Tenth Amendments are interpreted.While the terms republican and liberal have clear-cut meanings to historians, the use of these terms can be quite confusing to the uninitiated, since the republican shoal of Second Amendment interpretation would doubtless find themselves at v ariance with many Republican politicians today, and the liberal school of Second Amendment analysis, with a few notable exceptions, would probably prefix the word absolute before calling themselves liberals of any sort. (C beatton E. Cramer, 1994).The republican school asserts that the right to keep and bear arms was an outgrowth of republicanism, intended to protect the society from the related evils of a standing army and tyranny. While the arms might be in general distributed, they would still be possessed by the population for the purpose of collective profession against a foreign army, or a domestic tyrant. (Clayton E. Cramer, 1994). The liberal school asserts that the right was individual, a logical outgrowth of the right to self-defense. Such arms would be for the defense of the individual against private criminals there was no need for a collective purpose or ownership.(Clayton E. Cramer, 1994). When it comes to the question of identify the intellectual and historical ant ecedents of the Second Amendment, there is, again, broad agreement between the collective and individual rights theorists. Whether ghost its roots through the Florentine political tradition and Machiavelli or the radical English Whig tradition of James Harrington, John Trenchard, and Thomas Gordon, both sides accept that the Second Amendment has to be understood, at least in part, in terms of republicanism.Particularly, there is no argument that an armed citizenry was, as militia members contend, an inbred lot of eighteenth-century republican thought. The cause for this, in Gordon Woods memorable phrase, is that republics were seen to be states of fragile beauty Which is to say, that due to mans continual craving for power it was believed that republics were in constant danger from both external enemies and internal corruption, and citizens militias were regarded as very important in resisting these dangers.(Gordon S. Wood, 1969) Certainly, the militia movements engagement with r epublicanism assists to elucidate why it reacts to any attempt at gun control with horror. After all, it was a commonplace of eighteenth-century republicanism that merely tyrannical governments would attempt to disarm their people. Voicing such concerns-and linking them to the sacrifices made by Americas Revolutionary generation-the U. S. Militia takes the view that take down though foreign governments may disarm their subjects, we will not go down that road. We will not disarm, they declare. As militia members see it, the right to bear arms allows Americans to back up our other Bill of Rights. Lose this right, they compete, and, sooner or later, they will lose all their rights. Republican support of citizens militias went beyond the lots expressed concern that standing armies might turn out to be the pawns of corrupt governments, and issues of who eventually controlled the means of force in society, however. The ownership of arms was essential to the very idea of republican citi zenship.Arms, it was argued, provided the means by which a citizen could both maintain his independence and-as with jury service-actively participate in his own governance. In classical and early modern republican thought, arms were the ultimo ratio whereby the citizen pictures his life to the protection of the state and simultaneously makes sure that the choice to expose it cannot be interpreted without him. It was the possession of arms which made a man a full citizen, able to, and required to display, the multiple adaptability and self-development which is the crown of citizenship. Access to arms would not wee a republican citizen in itself, though.The key to citizenship certainly the key to the successful functioning of republican society as a whole-was to be found in the concept of virtue. Wood describes virtue as the willingness of the individual to sacrifice his private interests for the good of the community (Gordon S. Wood, 1969) that is, to serve the common good-and the u ltimate sacrifice an individual could make, certainly, was to lay down his life in defense of the republic. This is mainly worth noting since it adds a republican dimension to the obvious readiness of militia members to sacrifice themselves in opposition of their Revolutionary forefathers.Considerably, militias were seen as institutions in which citizens could be trained in virtue-where virtue would not merely be inculcated and nurtured, however as well exercised in the act of resisting the republics enemies. Modern militia members are well aware of these aspects of republicanism that militias were intended to offer a means for citizens to vigorously participate in the republican polity and had a vital role in instilling virtue in those citizens. Pro and antigun control proponents sharply disagree regarding whether the Second Amendment poses an impediment to gun controls.Gun control proponents argue that the Second Amendment has nothing to do with individual rights it undertakes m erely that states can maintain organized militia units. They point to an unbroken line of judgeship decisions that reject Second Amendment challenges to federal, state, and local gun controls. Gun owners rights supporters cite a large and impressive composition of mostly historical scholarship that reveals that the founding fathers and, subsequently, the authors and ratifiers of the 14th Amendment, intended the Second Amendment to protect the individual Americans right to be armed.There is much to be said on both sides of the constitutional debate. The great majority of state constitutions have clauses protecting the right of gun ownership. The merely states whose constitutions do not hold a right to bear arms are Iowa, California, Maryland, hot Jersey, New York, and Minnesota. However, Iowas, Californias, and New Jerseys constitutions openly protect the right to self-defense. Some state constitutions use the same language as the Second Amendment, however several openly protect the individuals right to keep and bear arms.Consider Vermonts constitution, enacted in 1777 That the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and the Stateand as standing armies in metre of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be unplowed up and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to and governed by the civilized power. http//www. law. ucla. edu/faculty/volokh/beararms/statecon/htm Pennsylvanias constitutional right to bear arms is measured to be the precursor to the Second Amendment.Enacted in 1790, at the time that the Bill of Rights was being ratified, it states The right of the citizens to bear arms in defence of themselves and the State shall not be questioned. http//www. law. ucla. edu/faculty/volokh/beararms/statecon/htm This language has always been interpreted by Pennsylvania courts to protect the right of all Pennsylvanians, not just militiamen, to possess firearms. Oklahomas constitution, enacted in 1907, ove rtly protects the right to keep a gun at home, at the same time as subjecting the carrying of concealed weapons to regulationThe right of a citizen to keep and bear arms in defense of his home, person, or property, or in aid of the civil power, when thereunto legally summoned, shall never be prohibited but nothing herein contained shall prevent the Legislature from regulating the carrying of weapons. http//www. law. ucla. edu/faculty/volokh/beararms/statecon/htm In recent eld, numerous states have added gun ownership rights to their constitutions. For instance, Wisconsin amended its constitution so thatThe people have the right to keep and bear arms for security, defense, hunting, recreation or any other lawful purpose. http//www. law. ucla. edu/faculty/volokh/beararms/statecon/htm These state constitutional provisions would not protect gun owners from federal gun controls however they protect gun owners against some state and local gun controls. The Second Amendment to the U. S. Constitution states A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be abridged. http//www. law. ucla. edu/faculty/volokh/beararms/statecon/htm In U. S. v. Cruikshank, a nineteenth-century case, the U. S. Supreme motor lodge held that the Second Amendment was merely a protection against federal infringements of a right to bear arms. Although this decision predated the Supreme Courts 20th century decisions incorporating various Bill of Rights guarantees into the Fourteenth Amendments due process clause, with the outcome of guaranteeing those rights against misdemeanor by state and local governments, plus by the federal government.It is not at all apparent that mid-nineteenth-century judges were unaware to any right to keep and bear arms. Consider this passage from the Supreme Courts infamous decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1856), in which the Supreme Court held that slaves and their descendants c ould claim no rights of citizenship. What is interesting from our viewpoint is the Courts sagacity of what are the rights of citizenship. The Supreme Court pointed out that the framers could not have intended that slaves or their descendants ever be citizens because thatwould give to persons of the Negro race, who were recognized as citizens in any one State of the Union, the right to enter every other State whenever they pleased, singly or in companies, without pass or passport, and without obstruction, to wait there as long as they pleased, to go where they pleased at every hour of the day or night without molestation, unless they committed some violation of law for which a white man would be punished and it would give them the full liberty of speech in public and in private upon all subjects upon which its own citizens might speak to hold public meetings upon political affairs, and to keep and carry arms wherever they went. And all this would be done in the guinea pig of the s ubject race of the same color, both free and slaves, and inevitably producing discontent and insubordination among them, and endangering the peace and safety of the State. (Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U. S.393 (1856)) Yale fairness School prof Akhil Amar argues that the right of individuals to be armed was very much the intention of the drafters and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment. After the Civil War, the southern states quickly passed black codes that clearly denied the newly freed slaves the right to keep and bear arms. The debates in Congress in the 1860s over the Civil Rights Act and the Fourteenth Amendment were laced with comments regarding the need to assure that the freed slaves not be kept disarmed and thus submissive, and that they be capable to enjoy the same right to keep and bear arms as white citizens. (Akhil Amar, 1998).The Supreme Court has rendered merely one Second Amendment decision in the twentieth century. In U. S. v. Miller (1939), the Court held that, i n making it a crime to own an unregistered cut shotgun, the NFA did not violate the Second Amendment. Gun rights advocates say that the precedential value of the case is just that people are not guaranteed access to gangster weapons, like sawed-off shotguns, and that by negative inference they do have a right to arm themselves with traditional personal firearms. Gun controllers argue that the Second Amendment does not guarantee anybody anything and that Miller means that there is no personal right to possess firearms in the U. S. Constitution.Focusing on the amendments first clause, they argue that the amendment means only that Congress could not abolish the state militia, now the National Guard. Gun rights advocates believe that the Second Amendment guarantees every law-abiding American adult a right to keep and bear personal firearms. Implicit in the Bill of Rights, as in the entire structure of the Constitution, are the twin hallmarks of traditional liberal thought trust in the people and distrust in government. (David Hardy, 1979). Some proponents of this interpretation stress that the right to keep and bear arms was intended to guarantee protection against government tyranny.Liberal constitutional law theorist, William Van Alstyne, finds an individual rights view of the Second Amendment in a textual reading of the amendment. He argues that the amendment Speaks to sources of security at heart a free state, within which the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. He explains that this language guarantees the individuals right to have arms for self-defense and self-preservation. (William Van Alstyne, 1994). Harvard Law School Professor Lawrence Tribe, a person closely associated with liberal politics and the Democratic Party, as well concludes that It is impossible to deny that some right to bear arms is among the rights of American citizens. (Lawrence H. Tribe, 2000).Conceivably the Supreme Court will take a chance to interpre t the Second Amendment in a recent Texas case. The U. S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas stated unconstitutional the federal law (18 U. S. C. sec. 922 g8) which makes it a crime to own a firearm while under a restraining order for domestic violence as applied in a situation where the state divorce court, which issued the restraining order, had made no exclusive findings that the defendant posed a threat to his estranged wife. The district court held that the Second Amendment guarantees a personal right to keep and bear arms (U. S. v. Emerson, 46 F. Supp. 2d 598 1999). Two years later, the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals (Nov. 2001) affirmed, holding thatwe find that the history of the Second Amendment reinforces the plain meaning of the text, namely that it protects individual Americans in their right to keep and bear arms whether or not they are members of a select militia or performing active military service or training. Even though the U. S. Supreme Court eventua lly affirmed that the Second Amendment does not guarantee an individual right to keep and bear arms, which may never happen, the contrary belief is strongly rooted in U. S. and English history, in the constitutions of most U. S. states, as well as in a mountain of pro-gun scholarship. Many gun owners think that possession of firearms is a right of American citizenship and would not be persuaded otherwise, even by a U. S. Supreme Court decision to the contrary, just as demise penalty opponents suppose that the Supreme Court was wrongheaded in declaring executions to be constitutionally permissible.Jeffrey Snyder made the point aggressively in his 1993 Public Interest article, A Nation of Cowards The repeal of the Second Amendment would no more render the outlawing of firearms legitimate than the repeal of the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment would authorize the government to put to sleep and kill people at will. A government that abrogates any of the Bills Of Rights, with or without majoritarian approval, forever votes illegitimately, becomes tyrannical, and loses the moral right to govern. References Akhil Amar (1998). The Bill of Rights Creation and Reconstruction (New seaport Yale University express). Clayton E. Cramer (1994).For the Defense of Themselves and the State The Original Intent and Judicial Interpretation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Praeger Publishers, 1994 David Hardy (1979). The Second Amendment as a constraint on State and Federal Firearms Restrictions, in Restricting Handguns, ed. Don Kates (Great Barrington, Mass. North River) Gordon S. Wood (1969). The Creation of the American Republic Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press http//www. law. ucla. edu/faculty/volokh/beararms/statecon/htm Jeffrey Snyder (1993). Nation of Cowards Public Interest article Lawrence H. Tribe (2000). American Constitutional Law, 3rd ed. (New York Foundation) William Van Alstyne (1994). The Second Amendment and the Personal Right to Arms, Duke Law journal 43

Simple Des

William Stallings Copyright 2006 Supplement to Cryptography and Ne devilrk Security, Fourth Edition Prentice residence hall 2006 ISBN 0-13-187316-4 http//williamstallings. com/Crypto/Crypto4e. html 8/5/05 change DES, developed by Professor Edward Schaefer of Santa Clara University SCHA96, is an educational rather than a secure encoding algorithmic rule. It has similar properties and structure to DES with frequently smaller parameters. The construeer might regain it useful to work through an example by and while following the discussion in this Appendix. C. 1 Overview Figure C. 1 illustrates the overall structure of the simplified DES, which we will refer to as SDES. The S-DES encryption algorithm takes an 8-bit choke up of plaintext (example 10111101) and a 10-bit line as input and let outs an 8-bit block of ciphertext as takings. The S-DES decryption algorithm takes an 8-bit block of ciphertext and the same 10-bit key use to farm that ciphertext as input and conjure ups the original 8-bit block of plaintext.The encryption algorithm involves five employments an initial heterotaxy (IP) a tortuous function labeled fK, which involves both refilling and telephone exchange operations and depends on a key input a simple exchange function that switches (SW) the two halves of the data the function fK again and finally a permutation function that is the inverse of the initial permutation (IP1). As was mentioned in Chapter 2, the use of multiple stages of permutation and substitution turn ups in a more than complex algorithm, which increases the difficulty of coding.The function fK takes as input not only the data passing through the encryption algorithm, but also an 8-bit key. The algorithm could have been designed to work with a 16-bit key, consisting of two 8-bit subkeys, one used for apiece occurrence of fK. Alternatively, a single 8-bit key could have been used, with the same key used double in the algorithm. A compromise is to use a 10-bi t key from which two 8-bit subkeys argon generated, as show in Figure C. 1. In this case, the key is first subjected to a permutation (P10). Then a sackful operation is performed.The railroad siding of the shift operation thence passes through a permutation function that produces an 8-bit make (P8) for the first subkey (K1 ). The output of the shift operation also feeds into another shift and another instance of P8 to produce the number subkey (K 2 ). We can concisely express the encryption algorithm as a composition1 of functions which can also be written as IP-1 o fK2 o SW o fK1 o IP ((( ciphertext = IP-1 fK 2 SW fK1 (IP(plaintext )) where ( K1 = P8 interchange (P10(key )) ( ( ))) ) K2 = P8 Shift Shift( P10( key)) )) Decryption is also shown in Figure C. and is essentially the reverse gear of encryption ((( plaintext = IP-1 fK1 SW fK 2 (IP(ciphertext )) 1 ))) Definition f f and g atomic number 18 two functions, then the function F with the equation y = F(x) = I gf(x) is called the composition of f and g and is denoted as F = g o f . C-2 8/5/05 We straight off examine the elements of S-DES in more detail. C. 2 S-DES Key Generation S-DES depends on the use of a 10-bit key shared between vector and receiver. From this key, two 8-bit subkeys are produced for use in particular stages of the encryption and decryption algorithm. Figure C. 2 depicts the stages followed to produce the subkeys.First, permute the key in the following fashion. Let the 10-bit key be designated as (k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 , k5 , k6 , k7 , k8 , k9 , k10). Then the permutation P10 is defined as P10(k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 , k5 , k6 , k7 , k8 , k9 , k10) = (k3 , k5 , k2 , k7 , k4 , k10, k1 , k9 , k8 , k6 ) P10 can be concisely defined by the display 3 5 2 7 P10 4 10 1 9 8 6 This table is read from leftover hand to right each position in the table gives the identity of the input bit that produces the output bit in that position. So the first output bit is bit 3 of the input the second outpu t bit is bit 5 of the input, and so on.For example, the key (1010000010) is permuted to (1000001100). Next, perform a circular left shift (LS-1), or rotation, separately on the first five bits and the second five bits. In our example, the result is (00001 11000). Next we apply P8, which picks out and permutes 8 of the 10 bits according to the following rule P8 6 3 7 4 8 5 10 9 The result is subkey 1 (K1 ). In our example, this yields (10100100) We then go back to the pair of 5-bit strings produced by the two LS-1 functions and perform a circular left shift of 2 bit positions on each string. In our example, the value (00001 11000) becomes (00100 00011).Finally, P8 is applied again to produce K2 . In our example, the result is (01000011). C. 3 S-DES Encryption Figure C. 3 shows the S-DES encryption algorithm in greater detail. As was mentioned, encryption involves the sequential application of five functions. We examine each of these. Initial and Final Permutations The input to the al gorithm is an 8-bit block of plaintext, which we first permute using the IP function IP 2 6 3 1 4 8 5 7 This retains all 8 bits of the plaintext but mixes them up. At the end of the algorithm, the inverse permutation is used C-3 8/5/05 1 3 IP1 57 2 8 6 It is easy to show by example that the second permutation is indeed the reverse of the first that is, IP1(IP(X)) = X. The Function fK The most complex component of S-DES is the function fK, which consists of a combination of permutation and substitution functions.The functions can be expressed as follows. Let L and R be the leftmost 4 bits and rightmost 4 bits of the 8-bit input to fK, and let F be a mapping (not necessarily one to one) from 4-bit strings to 4-bit strings. Then we let fK(L, R) = (L F(R, SK), R) where SK is a subkey and s the bit-by-bit exclusive-OR function. For example, pronounce the output of the IP stage in Figure C. 3 is (10111101) and F(1101, SK) = (1110) for some key SK. Then fK(10111101) = (01011101) because (1011) (1110) = (0101). We now describe the mapping F. The input is a 4-bit number (n 1 n2 n3 n4 ). The first operation is an expansion/permutation operation 4 1 2 E/P 32 3 4 1 For what follows, it is clearer to depict the result in this fashion n4 n2 n1 n3 n2 n4 n3 n1 The 8-bit subkey K1 = (k11, k12, k13, k14, k15, k16, k17, k18) is added to this value using exclusiveOR n4 11 n2 k15 n1 k12 n3 k16 n2 k13 n4 k17 n3 k14 n1 k18 p0,1 p1,1 p0,2 p1,2 p0,3 p1,3 Let us call these 8 bits p0,0 p1,0 The first 4 bits (first course of instruction of the preceding matrix) are fed into the S-box S0 to produce a 2bit output, and the remain 4 bits (second row) are fed into S1 to produce another 2-bit output. These two boxes are defined as follows C-4 8/5/05 0 S0 = 1 2 3 0 1 $3 $0 $3 1 0 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 3 3 2% 0 3 2 0 S1 = 1 2 3 0 0 $2 $3 $2 1 1 0 0 1 23 2 3% 1 3 1 0 0 3 & The S-boxes operate as follows.The first and fourth input bits are treated as a 2-bit number that specify a row of the S-box, and the second and third input bits specify a column of the Sbox. The entry in that row and column, in base 2, is the 2-bit output. For example, if (p0,0p0,3) = (00) and (p0,1p0,2) = (10), then the output is from row 0, column 2 of S0, which is 3, or (11) in binary star. alikely, (p1,0p1,3) and (p1,1p1,2) are used to index into a row and column of S1 to produce an additional 2 bits. Next, the 4 bits produced by S0 and S1 undergo a further permutation as follows P4 2 4 3 1 The output of P4 is the output of the function F.The Switch Function The function fK only alters the leftmost 4 bits of the input. The switch function (SW) interchanges the left and right 4 bits so that the second instance of f K operates on a different 4 bits. In this second instance, the E/P, S0, S1, and P4 functions are the same. The key input is K2 . C. 4 analysis of Simplified DES A brute-force attack on simplified DES is certainly feasible. With a 10-bit key, in that respect are only 2 10 = 10 24 possibilities. Given a ciphertext, an attacker can try each possibility and analyze the result to determine if it is reasonable plaintext. What about cryptanalysis?Let us lease a known plaintext attack in which a single plaintext (p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 , p5 , p6 , p7 , p8 ) and its ciphertext output (c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 , c5 , c6 , c7 , c8 ) are known and the key (k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 , k5 , k6 , k7 , k8 , k9 , k10) is unknown. Then each ci is a polynomial function gi of the pj s and kj s. We can and then express the encryption algorithm as 8 nonlinear equations in 10 unknowns. There are a number of possible solutions, but each of these could be calculated and then analyzed. Each of the permutations and additions in the algorithm is a linear mapping.The nonlinearity comes from the S-boxes. It is useful to write down the equations for these boxes. For clarity, rename (p0,0, p0,1,p0,2, p0,3) = (a, b, c, d) and (p1,0, p1,1,p1,2, p1,3) = (w, x, y, z), and let the 4-bit output be (q, r , s, t) Then the operation of the S0 is defined by the following equations q = abcd + ab + ac + b + d r = abcd + abd + ab + ac + ad + a + c + 1 where all additions are modulo 2. Similar equations define S1. Alternating linear maps with these nonlinear maps results in very complex polynomial expressions for the ciphertext bits, making cryptanalysis difficult.To visualize the scale of the problem, note that a polynomial equation in 10 unknowns in binary arithmetic can have 210 possible terms. On average, we might therefore C-5 8/5/05 pay each of the 8 equations to have 29 terms. The interested reader might try to find these equations with a symbolic processor. Either the reader or the software will give up before much progress is made. C. 5 Relationship to DES DES operates on 64-bit blocks of input. The encryption scheme can be defined as IP-1 o fK16 o SW o fK15 o SW oL o SW o f K1 o IPA 56-bit key is used, from which sixteen 48-bit subkeys are calculated. There is an initial permutation of 64 bits followed by a sequence of shifts and permutations of 48 bits. Within the encryption algorithm, instead of F acting on 4 bits (n1 n2 n3 n4 ), it acts on 32 bits (n1 n32). After the initial expansion/permutation, the output of 48 bits can be diagrammed as n32 n4 n28 n1 n5 n29 n2 n6 n30 n3 n7 n4 n8 n31 n32 n5 n9 n1 This matrix is added (exclusive-OR) to a 48-bit subkey. There are 8 rows, corresponding to 8 S-boxes. Each S-box has 4 rows and 16 columns.The first and last bit of a row of the preceding matrix picks out a row of an S-box, and the middle 4 bits pick out a column. C-6 10-bit key ENCRYPTION DECRYPTION P10 8-bit plaintext 8-bit plaintext Shift IP-1 IP K1 fK P8 K1 fK Shift SW SW K2 fK P8 K2 fK IP1 IP 8-bit ciphertext 8-bit ciphertext Figure C. 1 Simplified DES Scheme 10-bit key 10 P10 5 5 LS-1 LS-1 5 5 P8 K1 8 LS-2 LS-2 5 5 P8 K2 8 Figure C. 2 Key Generation for Simplified DES 8-bit plaintext 8 IP 4 fK 4 E/P 8 F 8 + 4 4 2 K1 2 S0 S1 P4 4 + 4 SW 4 fK 4 E/P 8 F 8 + 4 4 2 K2 2 S0 S1 P4 4 + 4 IP1 8 8-bit ciphertext Figure C. 3 Simplified DES Encryption Detail

From Traditional Marketplace to Tomorrow’s Marketspace

Focusing on past mergers that were unsuccessful, we pull up stakes investigate the major cultural issues these companies faced that were the biggest obstacles jeopardizing their success. We leave alone then be able to identify which cultural issues argon most important for mergers of the future to succeed. The imprimatur part of our paper will talk about practical(prenominal) conferencing, and the large position it will pretend in tomorrows teams. Bringing this in concert, our discussion will focus on the positive and negative effects virtual teams can have on a merging companionships horticulture. After presenting both sides, our ultimate goal will be to cite the more important roles the virtual teams of tomorrow must play, in efforts to draw and bear a strong and successful common culture among merging companies.The increase of Internet usage, combined with the a la mode(p) e-commerce craze has changed the way most companies are doing line of descent today (Knox 26). Comp anies that are not in the dot com company domain now desire to take part in the e-commerce world. Many industries are moving their business from the traditional marketplace to the highly sophisticated marketspace the AOL/Time Warner merger is an example of this.Today, merging has become the answer to how businesses are going to increase and retain their competitive advantage. Once a company merges it becomes an even big powerhouse. This raises one companys market share tremendously, allowing it to stand tall against competing firms (Fairlamb 20). Now, other companies in the same industry requisite to search harder to reestablish their competitive niche. This is done most of the sentence through additional acquisitions of similar competing firms inside the industry.Unfortunately a lot of mergers are doomed for failure. While sales figures and bottom lines play a big part in the execution of a successful merger, they are only one section of the puzzle (qtd. in Pacific). Along wi th number crunching comes culture, the true heart of the company. Every companys culture is unique. Different personalities, shipway of doing things, expectations, and ways of defining success are some examples. Even the information technology a company possesses is as much a part of a companys culture, as the good deal using it.Bringing together two or more companies that may have entirely different corporate culture forms an acquisition. With technologies in vogue(p) advancement, companies have the ability to be brought together on an entirely bare-ass plateau. Virtual conferencing is redefining the way people are able to work together (Seanet). Through virtual teams people can primarily move electronically.There are several reasons to create virtual teams. Specifically, teams may be distributed because of the new realities facing organizations such as organization-wide projects or initiatives, and alliances with different organizations, some of which may be in other countr ies. There are also mergers and acquisitions, which we will pay close attention to, as well as the desire of many a(prenominal) people and government organizations for telecommuting. These are a few of the many reasons why people will whole step to create virtual teams as their primary way of conducting business.Functional integration teams charged with the idea of knit together two or three preexisting functions usually leads to turf protection, infighting, and special interest pleading. preparation for success, a lot of companies use a creation approach. Creating a comprehensive future-centered vision and strategy that defines the new organization. Together a new set of cultural behaviors and norms will be develop that are invariable with the accomplishment of the strategic goals, as well as creating a workforce passionately committed to the new organizations values, vision, objectives and ultimate success.There are many reasons why we chose virtual conferencing and how it wil l effect the important aspects of culture within merging companies. As future business people of America this is an issue that we will be faced with. In a time when job security seems to be approaching an all time low, it is important to know what we are going to be up against. Having a better idea of what is incident around us will be useful as we troop forward in efforts to create our own niche in this extremely competitive world. While this is a required project for us, we spirit that we should take it for everything that it is worth, bettering ourselves as a result.

Elie Wiesel: a survivor of the Holocaust Essay

As a survivor of the in kinde, wipe egress final solution, Elie Wiesel once said, Having survived by chance, I was dutybound to give meaning to my survival.(Having Survived1). Elie Wiesel did not know at the time that he had a reason for live on this tragedy, but soon realized that he survived to bothow a story and essence ab tabu the horrors of that time to a gentleman that often seemed to block it out completely and forget (Having Survived1).To spread his message to the world, which is ane(a) of peace, redemption, and human nobleness, Wiesel speaks any over the world as a public orator. (Elie Wiesel 3). Elie Wiesel, an influential speaker and writer of the 1940s to present times, helped to render a promote understanding of the abomination of The Holocaust through eloquence and deep thought, elaborate actions, and most of all, his strong handed-down values.Elie Wiesel, a strong, courageous man, was military issue to onerous acts in his childhood, up to now in his pres ent day, he discusses topics, such(prenominal) as hatred, all around the world with teenagers and adults(Having Survived 1). Born in Sighet, Transylvania on September 30, 1928, Wiesel lived an unexampled childhood(Berenbaum 2). In a lecture, he once said, When human lives are endangered, when human dignity is in jeopardy.. Wherever hands or women are persecuted because of their work, religion or political views, that place mustat the moment take the center of the universe(Having Survived 4). This quote symbolizes Wiesels view of the treacherous Holocaust, an event that varyd mankind(Having Survived 4).As conditions of living began to change around Europe, 15 year old Wiesels carriage took a 360 degree turn for the worsened when he and his family were taken to one of the many concentration camps set up by the NAZI leaders, at Birkenau and Auschwitz(Berenbaum 2). Wiesel was kept at this camp until January 1945, when at that point, he was sent with thousands of other Jewish prison ers to Buchenwald in a forced death march which was designed to kill the remaining prisoners, but ended up getting saved by the Allies(Berenbaum 2). When the war finally ended, Wiesel decided to go to secondary school in France and unfold his skills, where he studied journalism and began working for an Israeli newspaper, which helped him develop the expressiveness he has today(Berenbaum 2). Determined to get his message to the world, Wiesel began to write books about his experiences, such as his most famous work, Night, which is known today as one of the mostinfluential books of Holocaust literature(Elie Wiesel2).In this novel, Wiesel used his own experiences and memories while imprisoned to bring to life another character(Elie Wiesel 2). This character was a vehicle for Wiesel to express his feelings of sadness and despair because he survived, when others did not(Elie Wiesel 2). After the fame of his novel, Wiesel became a professor of humanities at Boston University in 1976, and began to speak to students about the struggles our world overcame(Having Survived 3). In a class, he once wisely said, Without memory, there is no culture. Without memory, there would be no civilization, no society, no future (Without memory 1). Wiesel postulateed to stress the idea that without memory of what happened before, the future is doomed to mother the similar mistakes accordingly, Wiesel was educated in sacred Jewish texts as a child, which he spoke about often(Berenbaum 2). When Wiesel began to work and speak to keep the memories of his experiences relevant, he became recognized worldwide and in 1986, became a recipient of the Nobel Peace estimate for his work and speech on behalf of victims, families and concourse everywhere(Having Survived 4). Wiesel used the money from the Nobel Prize to found the Elie Wiesel Foundations for Humanity in the late 80s and early 90s(Having Survived 4).His foundation sponsors essay contests for college and high school students and g athers well-known people together from all over the world as one to discuss and debate many different kinds of topics such as prejudice and bias(Having Survived 4). Even today, Wiesel continues to travel in his old age and speak out against heinousness and injustice, he has written over three dozen books(and has been the subject of at least two dozen), but even after he leaves this world his legacy leave alone live on as being truly strong and brave(Having Survived 4). Wiesel originally represented just one of the victims of the problem our world faced in the 1930s to 40s(Koestler-Grack timeline).During this time, the people of Sighet, Transylvania happened to be improvident to what was occurring in the world. In a lecture, Elie Wiesel stated, at that place may be times when we are powerless to prevent injustice, but there must never be a time when we fail to protest, which is ultimately what the people of this time were going to be forced to do(There may 1). This problem serve d as a major political issue, though the results were social. When Hitler rose to power in 1933, nobody knew or even thought that his dictatorship would lead to the deaths of overfifty million people(When Adolf 1). In 1939, Germany sparked World War II with the invasion of Poland, and Hitler developed his desire for power(Koestler-Grack timeline). His ethnic cleansings, also known as genocide, led to what we know as The Holocaust, which occurred between 1933-1945(Having Survived 2).With the help of Hitlers Nazi association, Germany systematically and slowly kill millions of innocent people, like Jews and Gypsies(Having Survived 2). The Nazis overall plan was to take control of the majority of Europe and wipe out all of the European Jews in existence so he could bring out his new race of all blonde-haired, blue eyed citizens(Having Survived1). In the spring of 1944, the people of Sighet had their lives changed forever with the arrival of Adolf Eichmann to their town(Having Survived 2). Eichmann, the man who do all of the killing happen with his German policy, wrote that Jews in conquered countries could be taken without consent to concentration camps where people who held the title enemies of the state remained hostage and often ended up killed(Having Survived 2). Eichmann had orders from Hitler to extinguish an estimated 600,000 Romanian Jews in six weeks or less(Having Survived 2). By the end of those six weeks, the entire population of 15,000 Jews in Sighet were taken to camps, and Elie Wiesel contributed to that population(Having Survived 2).After surviving the war and the devastation, Elie knew that he had to make his voice heard about the horrors and his experiences consequently, nobody in the world seemed to want to accept the fact that it had happened.(Having Survived 3). As he travels around the world today, he constantly says, No human race is superior no religious faith is inferior. All collective judgments are wrong. Only racists make them.(No Hum an 1). Elie uses his skills as a speaker and orator to make the tragedy and truth known, for he brings out empathy for injustice during the process. As a social activist, through his writing and his speech, Wiesel used his work to snare for Jews and for all of humanity(Berenbaum 3). Wiesel survived, and uses his experiences to make the facts known so we never face a problem like this one again moreover, his works speak of the need for people to feel compassion and gratitude for other human beings(Having Survived3). When Wiesel speaks, he constantly says the same thing again and againThere is no compensation for what happened in The Holocaust. But at least a certain balance can be established that argue fear there is hope, hope that when we remember the fear..our memory becomes a shield for the future(Elie Wiesel 3). Wiesel firmly believes that the efforts he has made and the efforts that others fill made to keep the education of The Holocaust alive will prevent a devastation of t hat kind from happening again(Elie Wiesel 3). His silence originally broke in the mid 1950s in an interview with Francois Mauriac, who was a novelist(Having Survived 2).While listening to his story, Mauriac felt moved and ultimately urged Wiesel to speak out and tell the world what he had seen and heard(Having Survived 2). Elie Wiesel serves as a major public orator and influential writer(Berenbaum 3).In addition to his writings and speeches regarding the persecution of the Jews, both in the past and in the present, Wiesel has made an effort to speak out on behalf of all races, genders, religions and national origins that have been persecuted(Elie Wiesel 4). As a result and for times yet to come, Wiesel has been quoted saying, There I am an optimist. I think it cannot happen again. I think the Holocaust was a unique event, therefore it will remain unique.(Elie Wiesel 4). In 1978, Wiesel was asked by U.S President Jimmy Carter to be the head of his group that became known as the U.S Holocaust Memorial Council, which met with European officials to find information about other victims, visited concentration camps, and was responsible for the domain of the U.S Holocaust Museum in Washington D.C(Having Survived 4).Elie Wiesels words and novels act as a palliative to those who were subject to this historical event, and his words will continue to live on as a reminder in history. Through inspiration and eloquent speech and writing, Elie Wiesel continues to discern the disloyalty and cruelty of The Holocaust. Proudly, Wiesel travels the world giving life lectures, which have impacted and influenced the lives of many. His experiences help America, as an international unit, to prevent events like The Holocaust from repeating. As the years pass, Wiesel ages, yet his legacy will continue throughout the future generations.