African Americans And African American History - 959 Words

As African Americans we need to know the history of our ancestors in order to make the next generation better. African Americans need to know the struggles and hardships that our ancestors had to go through that pave the way for my generation and the generations after me. It is important to know how our ancestors had to endure slavery. If the older generation does not continue to pay homage to the history of our ancestors, the younger generation will lose sight of what our ancestors have been through (Roberts, 2011). The younger generation is not interested in African American History. It is about what someone can do for them. The younger generation wants everything handed to them not to work for it because the younger generation thinks the world owe them something. The younger generation does not have respect for their elders now. As African Americans we should not forget the segregation and the hanging and deaths of African Americans because of the color of their skin. It is also i mportant because racism still exist today (Roberts, 2011). There are still racist white people that do not want the world to change (Roberts, 2011). There are some white people that want to go back to slavery because white people think African Americans are not worthy (Roberts, 2011). White people do not want African Americans to know about their history because there were intelligent African Americans that were inventors. Some examples of African American inventors are: Garrett Morgan inventedShow MoreRelatedAfrican American History : African Americans1269 Words   |  6 PagesThere are countless examples of how African Americans have transformed history or made a mark on our country. African Americans have displayed heroism and bravery for what we believe in. Without Black History Month as a holiday, these people would not have been recognized for all of their many achievements. We must continue to celebrate the achievements of African Americans, and we must correct the inconsist ences of the past. Black History Month should be kept as a national holiday as long as weRead MoreAfrican American History : African Americans Essay2004 Words   |  9 PagesAfrican-American history originates before the development of the United States as an autonomous nation, and African-American writing has correspondingly profound roots. The African-American writers kept the subject of southern slavery at the top and wrote about their experiences in 18th century America. The slave accounts were vital to African-American writing. Exactly 6,000 previous slaves from North America and the Caribbean composed records of their lives, with about 150 of these distributedRead MoreAfrican American History1885 Words   |  8 PagesGarvey captured the interest of many black Americans when he emphasized black nationalism and black separatism (White et. al. 2012). In 1966, former leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Stokely Carmichael, echoed Garvey’s philo sophy when he coined the term â€Å"Black Power† at a rally in Mississippi (Brown 2014). Introduced as an oratorical tool, black power urged race pride and race unity to inspire militancy among black Americans. It was founded on the belief that black survivalRead MoreThe History Of Police And African Americans Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans in modern America have bound together in unity against inequality to help end the unnecessary murders and unjust police beatings. However, where did these tensions between police and African Americans begin? This question can be answered by looking at the history of police in America and why they were originally established. Police first came on to the scene in 1704 when Carolina established the nation’s first slave patrol that would turn into what we know today as the modern policeRead MoreFreedom And African American History Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom And African American History 1 XIN LI The United States is a immigrant country, which faces varieties of problems. The African American problem is one of the most serious one. Racial segregation is a deep-rooted social problem, which reflects in every field in the United States. For example, education, labor market and criminal justice system. In the aspect of educationRead MoreThe Class Of African American History1157 Words   |  5 Pagesthis class...African American history. But why? Why did everyone inelegantly stare? Why does your skin color make matters this problematic? It’s essential that a class like African American history becomes more diverse. Most assume that this class is aiming for an African American audience. This assumption is completely misleading, but most fall the underdog to. The homogeneity society amongst the students is bare and should be altered. I’m currently enrolled in African American history. I’ve noticedRead More African American History Essay2129 Words   |  9 PagesAfrican American History During my early years of school, I remember being taught white accomplishments and wondering if blacks and other people of color had made any significant contributions to todays world. I noticed that television consist of all white people. Throughout my research paper I hope to cover certain aspects of African American heritage. Aspects such as blacks making up the largest minority group in the United States, although Mexican-Americans are rapidly changing thatRead MoreAfrican American History 122001 Words   |  9 PagesDuring the years of 1873-1923 was the worse for African American history. After 1877, blacks’ political rights were taken away through many occasions such as: fraud, intimidation, and murder. In 1890, legislators in Mississippi called a constitutional convention, implementing poll taxes, literacy requirements, and banned voting for people convicted of theft, perjury, arson, bribery, and burglary. Whites thought if they could put a limit to the educationa l achievements of Negroes, they could alsoRead MoreEssay on African American History in America1064 Words   |  5 Pagesrepresents one of the major themes in the history of African Diaspora in the Americas† (para. 1). African American history plays an important role in American history not only because the Civil Rights Movement, but because of the strength and courage of Afro-Americans struggling to live a good life in America. Afro-Americans have been present in this country since the early 1600’s, and have been making history since. We as Americans have studied American history all throughout school, and took one MonthRead MoreNational African American History Year876 Words   |  4 Pagesyear, February is to be known as the Black History Month, or formally known as National African American History Month. It is an annual commemoration of achievements by African Americans and a time for recognizing the central role of African Americans in United States history. Bl ack History Month had its origins in 1915 when Dr. Cater G. Woodson and his colleagues founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (African American History Month, 2014). This organization is now known

Organization of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Organization of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. Answer: Introduction: The starting of a new business can provide many financial and personal rewards to the entrepreneurs in the future, however they can fac3 many challenges at the beginning. The challenges can be based on the time that is required or the amount of money that is invested. The first major challenge that can be faced by the new business is related to the difficulty related to the search of financial institutions which can be able to provide them with enough support. This means that the organization has to explore various options before it can receive the appropriate resource which can be used successfully. The operations of a business are filled with many ups and downs and this can act as a major challenge for the organization (Albrecht et al. 2015). The pressure to manage time and complete the requires tasks also becomes important for the successful operations of the business. The tasks that can be completed personally can be considered and separated from the tasks that need to outsourced. This will provide the required time that is required by the business owners to perform the important tasks. The business owners need to learn a lot from the various business related activities that they perform and the expertise that is important to run a particular business. The owners need to possess strong knowledge regarding the various functions, like managing employees and marketing. The new business owners need to have the knowledge regarding the management of stress and focussing on their personal lives (Bolden 2016). This will further help in the long-term and sustainable operations of the business organization. The new business organization needs to deal with the high levels of competition from the organizations which are already operating in the industry. This will help them in offering products and services which are unique and better than their competitors. The organization needs to learn the ways of dealing with more people as they require to hire more employees for the proper functioning. The owners will be required to create an efficient and effective team which can help in increasing the revenues and create a different position for the organization in the market (Bourbeau, Lavoie and Sedeno 2015). The owners need to know their vision and identity before they are able to start the operations of the new business. The business organizations can expand their operations in the market by taking various risks. The owners cannot play safe in conducting their business operations. The major risks t hat are taken in the expansion related operations can help in the further establishment of the business in the industry. The new business owners need to design their operations in such a manner so that they can be sustainable in the market. The sustainability related challenges faced by the new business can slow down its growth in the market (Brenkert 2017). The ways of facing these challenges The new business organization needs to first plan its processes and operations and try to gather the appropriate financing that is required for them to sustain. The financing level is important to grow the business the start the required operations. The finances can be further received from the various sources which include, banks and other financial institutions, the personal sources like relatives and friends. The owners need to build a model in such a manner so that the financers can be convinced successfully. The business owners always need to keep back-up resources which can help them in sustaining when they experience losses in the market. This help them to remain in the market and face all the challenges that come in their way. The management of time is important for proper functioning of the business organization in the market (Cardy and Leonard 2014). The owners need to carefully plan for the outsourcing of labour for the activities that they are not able to perform. The costs related to outsourcing also needs to considered beforehand so that the organization can conduct successful planning. The owners need to appoint trainers who can provide the employees with the required skill sets and expertise so that they can operate easily. The gain of knowledge and expertise will help the employees in performing the various tasks in a successful way. The owners of the business need to manage their work life and personal life in an effective manner which can help in reducing stress. The owners need to align the model of their business with the types of employees they hire. This will help them in building an efficient team which will further increase the revenues of the company (Chang and Wyszomirski 2015). The owners need to hire diverse and versatile people who are willing to take risks and work in an independent manner. The financial team of the new business organization needs to keep track of the various operations and manage the receivables and payables in such a manner so that they can plan for any type of financial emergency well in advance. This will also help them in monitoring the turnover of the business. The various professionals appointed by the organizations need to keep a track of the position and activities of the competitors and try to improve their offerings accordingly. They need to create unique value proposition for the customers so that it can help them in gaining competitive advantage in the market. The services and the products of the company need to be unique so they can have an edge over the other in the market (Colombo et al. 2014). The employees of the organization need to be managed in an effective manner and this is possible by motivating them for work by providing extra benefits and rewards. The company also needs to provide a working environment where the employees can work in an effective manner and provide their new ideas and opinions. The dynamic nature of the entrepreneurs can help in creating the dynamic working environment in the organization. The owners need to be clear about vision related to the operations of the organization in the industry. This will help them in creating their own space and raise funds as well. The business owners need to have contingency plans for managing the various risks that are related to the expansion related operations (Crane and Matten 2016). This will help them in sustaining their operations during the crisis periods. Sustainability of operations is of great importance for the organizations in the modern business world. The sustainable policies can help the organizations in operating in the industry for a much longer time in a sustainable manner. The business model needs to be designed effectively so that it is able to create value for the organization. The culture of the organization needs to be developed in a positive manner by the leaders and the managers. This will be helpful for the organization and the ways by which they operate in the industry. The employees need to inculcate themselves in the culture of the organization which can help them in gaining success. The new business needs to have a successful marketing policy which can be helpful for them to increase the awareness of their brand in the market (Fleisher and Bensoussan 2015). The skills required by the managers for the first three years The skills that are required by the managers of new business organizations are as follows, The managers need to have an analytical mind which can be helpful for them in identifying the opportunities and problems related to a particular situation. This can help them is getting out the best form the organization. They can plan accordingly for their team and create a plan of action as well. The ability of the managers to understand and forecast the benefits of finances can help them in setting up the target for their business (Freeman and Siegfried 2015). The managers need to possess the ability to grow the operations of the business and develop the organization. They need to identify the specific areas of the organization which are not performing according to the expectations. This be helpful in solving the issue and creating a solution. The managers can be effective only if they are able to set target for the business and take steps to achieve the goals. They can further communicate the plans that are important for the achievement of the goals of the company (Kolk 2016). The managers should know their team well so that they are able to manage the teams in an effective manner. The managers need to understand the skills that are possessed by the members of the team and use these skills effectively for increasing the revenues of the company. This can also be helpful in deciding the process of appraisal of the employees. The business market has become competitive in nature and the managers need to be organized in their work processes so that they can manage time effectively. This can further save a lot of time which can be invested in other vital functions of the organization (McGuirk, Lenihan and Hart 2015). The managers need to become a great leader to manage the organizational activities in an effective manner. The leadership skills of the managers can help them in managing the team and organising the work process as well. These skills of the managers can be the most helpful when the organization has to through a crisis period. The managers need to update their skills along with the advances that take place in the technologies. They need to keep up with the changes in various technologies that are related to the modern business world. They need to have knowledge regarding the things that are going on in the other organizations in the industry (Mittal and Dhar 2015). The managers need to have a strong sense related to integrity and ethics that are related to their work process in the organizations. This will help them in sustaining in the business world for a long time and the organization will also be able to maintain its standards. The managers need to believe on the ideas that they are about to implement in the organizations. The motivation levels of the managers impact the operations of the new business organization in the industry. The highly motivated managers are further able to motivate their team and make them work in such a manner so that it can increase the revenues of the organization (Spieth, Schneckenberg and Ricart 2014). The managers need to be able to recognise the talent of the employees and appreciate them for their work as well. The managers who appreciate and recognise the employees for their work are the ones who understand the importance of motivated employees in the organizational processes. This further helps the managers to build trust among his team of employees. The managers also need to possess the capability to connect in a successful manner with the employees. The size of the team of employees decides the ways by which the managers can connect with them. This connection can be created with the help of regular meetings, reviews with the employees. This is an important factor which helps in the formation of effective teams in the new business organizations (Spigel 2017). The managers need to have the ability to delegate the appropriate tasks to the employees based on their capabilities. The sense of trust among the members of the organization is important for the delegation of tasks by the managers. Strategies followed by entrepreneurs to achieve success The entrepreneurs need to build strategies which can help them in choosing their type of business idea and the ways by which they can reach their goals. The successful strategy of the entrepreneurs also involves the gathering of support for their new business venture. The previous work experience of the entrepreneurs can help them in formulating successful strategies for the purpose of achieving success in business. The entrepreneurs mainly use the strategy of analysing their previous experience to understand the skills and the knowledge that they possess to use in their own business. Franchising can help the entrepreneurs in developing their own business. The franchising strategy can provide the entrepreneurs with a particular business idea which they can follow to form their own business operations (Spieth, Schneckenberg and Ricart 2014). The entrepreneurs can be successful in their venture if they have the courage to follow their own gut instincts and develop their idea into an entirely new business. This process can help the entrepreneurs in creating new and untested ventures and ideas which are also innovative in nature. The entrepreneurs sometimes use the strategy of doing things in ways which are different from the ways they were done before. This also helps them in creating a unique and completely new business idea. The entrepreneurs need to be motivated and they should not be influenced by the failures and adversity in the business environment. The main strategy behind becoming a successful entrepreneur is to learn from failures and believe in their own ideas (Freeman and Siegfried 2015). The entrepreneurs need to understand the niche market to be successful in their venture related to the new business. The successful entrepreneurs need to be able to spot and understand the trends in the market and design their ideas accordingly. This will help in recognising the needs of the consumers and their desires so that new market opportunities can be created. The entrepreneurs need to understand the weakness of their competitors and try to develop their services and products in such a manner which can create a competitive advantage in the market. The new entrepreneurs need to reinvent their business operations so that they can update their product offerings according to the changes in the need of the consumers (Chang and Wyszomirski 2015). Resources and the relationships contained by the strategy of an entrepreneur The entrepreneurs need to build relationships and strategies with the customers so that they are able to create an indispensable nature of the company. This can help them in adding value and enhancing their brands in the all the possible ways. Communicating in a frequent manner with the customers can help the entrepreneurs in creating a dynamic atmosphere. The entrepreneur can build successful relationships with the customers by providing them with rewards so that they are attracted towards the organization. The creation of relationships is important for the successful operations and revenue generation of the new business organizations. This will further help them in creating a loyal base of customers (Bolden 2016). The entrepreneurs can plan for many events and programs which can help them in creating awareness about their unique products among the current and the potential customers as well. The entrepreneurs need to create a two communication channel which is related to the custom ers of the company. The interaction with the customers can create a base for the products and the services that are offered by the new business. The business organization needs to build an effective customer service so that they can retain the existing customers and attract the new customers as well (Fleisher and Bensoussan 2015). The entrepreneurs can therefore try to build a position for their business in the market by creating relationships with the customers who are major parts of the entire operations of the business in the market. This will further enable them to sustain with their business activities for a longer time in the industry. References Albrecht, S.L., Bakker, A.B., Gruman, J.A., Macey, W.H. and Saks, A.M., 2015. Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach.Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance,2(1), pp.7-35. Bolden, R., 2016. Leadership, management and organisational development. InGower handbook of leadership and management development(pp. 143-158). Routledge. Bourbeau, J., Lavoie, K.L. and Sedeno, M., 2015, August. Comprehensive self-management strategies. InSeminars in respiratory and critical care medicine(Vol. 36, No. 04, pp. 630-638). Thieme Medical Publishers. Brenkert, G.G., 2017. Entrepreneurship, ethics, and the good society. InEntrepreneurship(pp. 85-128). Routledge. Cardy, R. and Leonard, B., 2014.Performance Management: Concepts, Skills and Exercises: Concepts, Skills and Exercises. Routledge. Chang, W.J. and Wyszomirski, M., 2015. What is arts entrepreneurship? Tracking the development of its definition in scholarly journals.Artivate: a journal of entrepreneurship in the arts,4(2), pp.11-31. Colombo, M.G., Mohammadi, A., Rossi-Lamastra, C., Foss, N.J. and Saebi, T., 2014. Innovative business models for high-tech entrepreneurial ventures: the organizational design challenges.Business Model Innovation: The Organizational Dimension, pp.169-190. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Fleisher, C.S. and Bensoussan, B.E., 2015.Business and competitive analysis: effective application of new and classic methods. FT Press. Freeman, D. and Siegfried, R.L., 2015. Entrepreneurial leadership in the context of company start?up and growth.Journal of leadership studies,8(4), pp.35-39. Kolk, A., 2016. The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.Journal of World Business,51(1), pp.23-34. McGuirk, H., Lenihan, H. and Hart, M., 2015. Measuring the impact of innovative human capital on small firms propensity to innovate.Research Policy,44(4), pp.965-976. Mittal, S. and Dhar, R.L., 2015. Transformational leadership and employee creativity: mediating role of creative self-efficacy and moderating role of knowledge sharing.Management Decision,53(5), pp.894-910. Muenjohn, N. and Armstrong, A., 2015. Transformational leadership: The influence of culture on the leadership behaviours of expatriate managers.international Journal of Business and information,2(2). Spieth, P., Schneckenberg, D. and Ricart, J.E., 2014. Business model innovationstate of the art and future challenges for the field.Rd Management,44(3), pp.237-247. Spigel, B., 2017. The relational organization of entrepreneurial ecosystems.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,41(1), pp.49-72.

The modern age Essay Example For Students

The modern age Essay Salo Baron: â€Å"The Modern Age†In the excerpts presented in Glatzer from Salo Baron’s essay, â€Å"The Modern Age,† Baron describes his vision for the future of American Jewry. He questions whether an outbreak of anti-semitism will ultimately bring an end to Jewish life in America or, whether the American political system is such that that would be difficult. He says that some argue that an economic depression would once again make American Jewry what they had been so many times before, a scapegoat. Yet, his answer to that claim is,†while it is possible that some cataclismic anti-Jewish upheaval might some day put an end to American Jewry, it does not appear likely,† (Baron, 735). He also dismantles the claim that such an â€Å"upheaval† would be the result of a low economic period, citing examples in American history where inspite of a recession, anti-Semitism did not become more prevalent.He goes on to warn America’s Jews that assimi lation will not free them of their Jewishness. Regardless of what they absorb fromt the surrounding culture or how devoted they are to their nation, ultimately others will still see them as Jews. He says that those who opt to ignore their past will not shed themselves of their Jewishness, but rather suffer all of its misfortunes, without benefiting from its â€Å"magnificent heritage,† (Baron, 736). For this too he cites examples from the Jewish past, the most obvious one, being that this essay was written in 1956, was German Jewry and the Holocaust. Ultimately, Baron questions what American Jewry will have become in one century, being that neither complete assimilation, nor an anti-Semitic upheaval, are likely scenarios. He does not give an answer. What he says instead is that the Jewish community in America must focus on quality, not quantity. They must stop concentrating on material things and instead work to develop their Jewish culture which was so quickly deteriorating. Interestingly, Maimonides had argued precisely the same thing eight centuries earlier. Baron’s final contention is that American Jewry needs leadership. They need people to shape the cultural, social and religious future of Diaspora life.Bibliography: We will write a custom essay on The modern age specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Dinosaur Footprints and Trackmarks

Dinosaur Footprints and Trackmarks You can do the dinosaur footprint math yourself: If the average Tyrannosaurus rex walked two or three miles per day, it would have left behind thousands of footprints. Multiply that number by T. Rexs multi-decade life span, and youre well into the millions. Of these millions of footprints, the vast majority would have been erased by rain, floods, or the subsequent footprints of other dinosaurs. However, a tiny percentage baked and hardened in the sun, and an even tinier percentage managed to survive to the present day. Because they’re so common, especially compared to complete, articulated dinosaur skeletons, dinosaur footprints are an especially rich source of information about the size, posture, and everyday behavior of their creators. Many professional and amateur paleontologists devote themselves full-time to the study of these trace fossils or as they’re sometimes called, ichnites or ichnofossils. Other examples of trace fossils are coprolites - fossilized dinosaur poop to you and me. How Dinosaur Footprints Fossilize One of the odd things about dinosaur footprints is that they fossilize under different conditions than dinosaurs themselves. The holy grail of paleontologists - a complete, fully articulated dinosaur skeleton, including imprints of soft tissues - usually forms in sudden, catastrophic circumstances, such as when a Parasaurolophus is buried by a sandstorm, drowned in a flash flood, or chased by a predator into a tar pit. Newly-formed footprints, on the other hand, can only hope to be preserved when theyre left alone - by the elements and by other dinosaurs - and given a chance to harden. The necessary condition for dinosaur footprints to survive for 100 million years is that the impression has to be made in soft clay (say, along a lake, coastline, or riverbed), and then baked dry by the sun. Assuming the footprints are well-done enough, they can then persist even after being buried under successive layers of sediment. What this means is that dinosaur footprints aren’t necessarily found only on the surface. They can also be recovered from deep beneath the ground, just like ordinary fossils. What Dinosaurs Made the Footprints? Except in extraordinary circumstances, its pretty much impossible to identify the specific genus or species of dinosaur that made a given footprint. What paleontologists can figure out fairly easily is whether the dinosaur was bipedal or quadrupedal (that is, whether it walked on two or four feet), what geological period it lived in (based on the age of the sediment where the footprint is found), and its approximate size and weight (based on the size and depth of the footprint). As for the type of dinosaur that made the tracks, the suspects can at least be narrowed down. For example, bipedal footprints (which are more common than the quadrupedal kind) could only have been produced by meat-eating theropods (a category that includes raptors, tyrannosaurs, and dino-birds) or plant-eating ornithopods. A trained investigator can distinguish between two sets of prints. For example, theropod footprints tend to be longer and narrower than those of ornithopods. At this point, you might ask: cant we identify the exact owner of a set of footprints by examining any fossil remains unearthed nearby? Sadly, no. As stated above, footprints and fossils are preserved under very different circumstances, so the odds of finding an intact Stegosaurus skeleton buried next to its own footprints are virtually zero. Dinosaur Footprint Forensics Paleontologists can only extract a limited amount of information from a single, isolated dinosaur footprint. The real fun starts when the prints of one or more dinosaurs (of the same or different species) are found along extended tracks. By analyzing the spacing of a single dinosaur’s footprints - both between the left and right feet and forward, in the direction of motion - researchers can make good guesses about the dinosaurs posture and weight distribution (not a small consideration when it comes to larger, bulkier theropods like the huge Giganotosaurus). It may also be possible to determine whether the dinosaur was running rather than walking, and if so, how fast. Footprints also tell scientists whether or not the dinosaur held its tail upright. A droopy tail would have left a telltale skid mark behind the footprints. Dinosaur footprints are sometimes found in groups, which (if the tracks are similar in appearance) counts as evidence of herding behavior. Numerous sets of footprints on a parallel course may be a sign of mass migration or the location of a now-vanished shoreline. These same sets of prints, arranged in a circular pattern, can represent the traces of an ancient dinner party - that is, the dinosaurs responsible were digging into a heap of carrion or a tasty, long-gone tree. More controversially, some paleontologists have interpreted the proximity of carnivorous and herbivorous dinosaur footprints as evidence of ancient chases to the death. This may certainly have been the case, in some instances, but its also possible that the Allosaurus in question tromped along the same patch of ground as the Diplodocus a few hours, a few days, or even a few years later. Don’t Be Fooled Because theyre so common, dinosaur footprints were identified long before anyone had even conceived of the existence of dinosaurs - so these track marks were attributed to giant prehistoric birds! This is a good example of how its possible to be right and wrong at the same time. Its now believed that birds evolved from dinosaurs, so it makes sense that some types of dinosaurs had bird-like footprints. To show how quickly a half-baked idea can spread, in 1858, the naturalist Edward Hitchcock interpreted the latest footprint finds in Connecticut as evidence that herds of flightless, ostrich-like birds once roamed the plains of North America. Over the next few years, this image was taken up by writers as diverse as Herman Melville (author of Moby Dick) and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who referenced birds unknown, that have left us only their footprints in one of his more obscure poems. Source Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. To the Driving Cloud. The Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems, Bartleby, 1993.

Challenging the process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Challenging the process - Essay Example It is the role of the organization leader to recognize this and ensure smooth implementation of the proposed changes (Paton & McCalman, 2008). 2. The leader of the organization should assess the sustainability of the organization in its current state and the benefits of change. If change will make the organization sustainable and the status quo is unsustainable, then the leader should take measures into convincing, and involve the organization’s members in the expected change. 3. The leader creates a vision for the future. This guides the need for change. The organization’s leader then develops a change coalition. This is appropriate to eliminate any resistance to change. It is also important for effective implementation of the new processes. The leader then mobilizes the commitment. Employees and other stakeholders of the organization have to be committed to what the organization intends to achieve. Lastly, the manager leads the change process (Paton & McCalman, 2008). 4. Change processes are initiated for various reasons. Sometimes organizations need to update the system in all the departments and to deal with such a system requires change in certain processes. Sometimes focus is on improving the performance of the organization by adopting a new culture. The organization may have new distribution centers or markets to exploit, requiring changes in its systems (Paton & McCalman,

Discuss the changes to the American presidency during the terms of Essay

Discuss the changes to the American presidency during the terms of Theodore Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson - Essay Example The question is that since the Civil War through the very start of the twentieth century, the US Congress was the ultimate bearer of the seat of power (Miller Center 1). Thus, his expansion of the power was a focal point of his presidency. It was an enormous change in the democratic practice of the United States making the President the main figure fulfilled with the governmental power. Roosevelt is also well-known for his progressivism in dealing with the business and political structures throughout the country. His zeal toward reformation of the US performance in the world arena made him an outspoken peacemaker, as he negotiated on the Russo-Japanese end of war and was awarded with the Nobel Peace Prize respectively (Benson 7). However, another great contribution of Roosevelt is his devotion to the nature. In this respect he was driven by the need to conserve the natural resources as the most precious thing of the human-centered environment admitting the following statement:  "As I have said elsewhere, conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve this problem it will avail little to solve all others† (Cited in Benson 7). ... Being a follower of Roosevelt’s course of reforms, he took the lesson of peaceful manifestation on the part of the US government toward the nation and to the world on the whole. By the way, he initiated the adoption of the Civil-Service Reform which will â€Å"secure a larger wisdom in the adoption of policies† (Taft 131). It was really crucial for giving the nation a â€Å"refreshed† breath of air. Along with the strengthening of the Interstate Commerce Commission, he established Postal Savings Bank System (Taft 131). Thus, he paid more attention to the financial and consumer-related issues throughout the country. Moreover, due to his efforts to somehow relieve the taxation policies in the country, he could improve on the creation of the Sixteenth Amendment which â€Å"authorized the collection of federal income taxes, which could be collected largely from the wealthy† (Armstrong 187). It was a trust-busting progressive hit against the former tariff-cente red income taxes policy. Thus, in his progressive looks at the national economy, Taft was a peculiar follower of Roosevelt regarding the political line of the Republican Party and the improvement of the presidential seat as the most powerful executive body in the country. To say more, in the foreign policy, Taft provided the policy of â€Å"Dollar Diplomacy† increasing the development of underdeveloped countries in Latin America and Asia by favoring â€Å"increased American investment in the world as the major method for increasing American influence and stability abroad† (Armstrong 379). Hence, it made Taft a progressive initiator of the American dominance in the world. Woodrow Wilson Woodrow

Montessori Philisophy Essay Example for Free

Montessori Philisophy Essay Introduction The child at birth appears almost nothing. He cannot walk, cannot talk and he can’t even eat on his own. The same child within two years learns so much. He can walk, run, talk continuously. Maria Montessori calls the child during this formative period, â€Å"a Spiritual Embryo†. The human being is provided with two embryonic periods. One is pre-natal and another one post-natal. The pre-natal period is the period when the physical development takes place. All beings have only pre-natal period. But the human being has another embryonic period which is post-natal. Any animal immediately after birth starts to walk, eats on his own and it will be a complete animal whereas the man has a prolonged infancy in order to become independent. Montessori biography An Italian educator of the early 20th century Maria is remembered as the founder of the famous Montessori Method of education Maria Montessori was born in the town of Chiaravalle in the province of Ancona, Italy on 31 august; 1870She developed interest and biology became her great passion. She persisted and became the first woman in Italy to earn the degree of doctor of medicine. She was appointed at the psychiatric clinic in the University of Rome. She worked with special need children and became deeply interested in their education. In 1904 she was appointed as professor of anthropology at the university. She died in 1952. Birth of a method In 1906, she was appointed as a co-director of a new training institute for special education teacher. Her studies led her to observe the method of teaching children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Many of the children made unexpected gains and the program was proclaimed success. In 1907, Maria accepted a new challenge to open infant school in a slum clearance rehousing program in Rome. The first school, in sanLorenzo, It was called Casa dei bambini, a quality learning environment for young children. Utilising scientific observations and experience gained from her earlier work from young children she designed learning materials and environment that foster the children natural desire to learn. In 1910, the Montessori Method became worldwide creating a new education. New Education The new education is a revolution; but a revolution without violence. It is the non-violent revolution†. (Maria Montessori, The Absorbent mind, Translated from Italian by Claude A.claremont.Newyork,1967,p.215)   Dr. Maria Montessori called for a revolution in society to human development and education. According to ‘the philosophy of new education’ character building is a question of auto construction and children must be helped in their own work of constructing their character. â€Å"There is only one problem, and it is human development in its totality; once this is achieved in any unit-child or nation everything else follows spontaneously and harmoniously† (Maria Montessori, To Educate the human potential, kalashetra publication,adyar,madras,1961,p 13.) The aim of education is the balanced development of personality-the whole personality, the integrated personality. Spiritual embryo Montessori compared the process of psychological and spiritual development to the physical unfolding of human organism. This post natal work is a constructive activity which is carried on the baby what may be called the â€Å"formative period† and it makes the baby into a kind of spiritual embryo. A new born child has no hereditary models of behaviour to follow nevertheless he has â€Å"potentialities â€Å"able to bring about his development, and these are done by making use of outer world. â€Å"The times have changed, turning its attention and energies to the discovery of the child and the development of the great potentialities of the human personality in course of construction† (Maria Montessori, Discovery of the child, ABC-clio ltd,1948) Maria Montessori called these potentialities as â€Å"nebulae† as they are the creative energy which guides the child to absorb from his environment. The growth and psychic of child’s development are driven by an will power and a vital force called â€Å"horme† that makes the child to do what he needs to develop. Only nature, which has established certain laws and determined the needs of the human being in course of development, can dictate the educational method to be followed. According to Montessori there are eight natural laws. Law of work Montessori describes through work the urge of child is met and his concentration to activity also increases and the child reaches a psychic integration state of normalisation Law of independence The child conquest of independence is the basic step in what is called his natural law of development. At birth the child leaves his mother womb and this makes him independent of his bodily process. To be independent the child must function without the help of others. Development of will Montessori believes that decision made by the child on any activity and action taken by the child is the basic for will development. There are three stages of development in will. In first stage the inner urge directs him to do the activity several times by which he gains control over himself and his environment. In second stage he gains power over himself and gets disciplined and accepts the responsibility for his action. In third stage the child gains power to obey. The child turns his power of obedience towards someone else. Power of attention When the child is placed in a environment favourable to his spiritual growth, the child fix his attention upon an object, will use it for the purpose for which it was constructed and will continue to repeat the same exercise .In fact, the attention of the little child was not artificially maintained by a teacher, it was an object which fixed that attention, corresponding to some internal pulse. Development of intelligence According to Montessori, Intellectual development is important as it helps a child to know as well as explore the environment. Through the developing senses, a child is endowed with the necessary mechanism of interacting with the environment Development of imagination and creativity Imagination helps provide understanding to knowledge; it is a fundamental facility through which child makes sense of the world, and it also plays a key role in the learning process. A basic training for imagination is the listening to storytelling. The things that we touch, see and hear coalesce into a picture via our imagination. Imagination is the power of forming a mental image of something not present to the senses or never before wholly perceived in reality. That is the spiritual embryo self-constructs him to become a unified personality. This self-construction is aided internally (mentally) and externally. Internal aid includes the absorbent mind and the sensitive periods. Absorbent mind Montessori observed that young children learn in a unique way from prenatal life to about six years old. Since the neonatal has to learn everything, (he has no tools other than reflexes to survive)he must acquire his survival skills in some other way. A child absorbs knowledge directly into his psychic life. A child learns by taking in everything around him and constructs himself. Using his senses he creates himself without thought or choice. This mentality of child is absorbent mind. Montessori saw absorbent mind in two phases. Unconscious mind (0-3 yrs) At birth, the spiritual embryo has no knowledge or impression in him, it is totally empty. It has to start from nothing. At this stage the child absorbs all impressions from his environment unconsciously. (I.e. the child does not know that he has taken all this with in him) To do this he has no other tools other than his reflexes to survey. At this point the child is like a sponge. He absorbs all information’s without any filters. This process takes place naturally without any thought or choice. This is called unconscious mind or unconscious creation mind. Once these information are incorporated in his schemas, it will be end of his third year, and he has developed his mental muscles. This preparation of the unconscious mind is used for later development and activity, after three years, a trans takes place from unconscious mind to another phase called conscious mind or conscious work mind. Conscious mind (3-6 yrs.) In this stage the child’s ability to focus, use his energy, and capacity to absorb, information in tremendous. This helps in developing emotions and intellectual aspects. From three years of age he moves to the conscious mind using the impressions developed and created during his first three years. This memory which absorbs images into individual’s life is called gifted memory or mneme. Any impedance which lessons the creativity in this age reduces the perfections. At this age they have a good creative power and imagination. He learns how to understand, ability the reasons and his mathematical mind compels him, to perfect himself. Sensitive periods Montessori observed a cognitive plan which determines the unique emotional and intellectual qualities of each child. These qualities develop through what Montessori referred to as the sensitive periods. Montessori identified six different sensitive periods from birth through age six. Sensitivity to order During this period there is a need for a precise and determined environment, which can be observed by the joy which children show at seeing things in their proper places. The presence of this period is more evident when the order is somehow interfered with. â€Å"Order is one of the needs of life which, when it is satisfied, produces a real happiness† (Montessori, The Secret of Childhood. Ballantine Books, 1973, 52). Learning through their five senses Child is sensitized to sensory order in other words, to the difference s things, that some are soft or hard, that objects have colour, different colours, and shapes of the same colour. He needs to freely explore his prepared world so he can differentiate these qualities There is nothing in the intellect which was not first in some way in the senses, and senses being explorers of the world, opens the way to knowledge.† Maria Montessori. Sensitive to movement The sensitive period for movement is most intense during the first year of life. By about twelve months many babies take their first steps. An infants need to walk is so strong that he becomes upset if he is impeded. The childs rhythm is so much slower than our own. He walks to perfect his walking; whereas we walk with purposeful intent. Sensitive to language During sensitive period for language, no one teaches the child to talk. His language develops naturally like a spontaneous creation of all auditory stimulation surrounding the baby, it is the human voice that he deeply hears and imitates. By six months, he is uttering his first syllables, and by about two years old he explodes into language. He talks and talks non-stop. Sensitive to small object A child has the urge to pay attention to small objects from two years of age. Sensitivity to small objects is an important development because it helps widen the child’s power of observation and allows the child concentrate his intellectual power on a specific problem. Principles of Prepared Environment â€Å"The first aim of the prepared environment is, as far as it is possible, to render the growing child independent of the adult†. (Maria Montessori. The Secret of Childhood: Fides Publishers, 1966.) Her life and work,cosmo publication.newdeldi,2009,p246) Montessori’s idea of the prepared environment was that everything the child came in contact with would facilitate and maximize independent learning and exploration. Children are free to choose and work on activities at their own pace. There are generally six aspects, or principles, to the Prepared Environment, Freedom, Structure and Order, Beauty, Nature and reality, Social Environment, Montessori materials. Freedom Montessori believed that a child must be free to explore and follow his own natural impulses, thus developing his potential and increasing his knowledge of the world around him. â€Å"Young people must have enough freedom to allow them to act on individual initiative. But in order that individual action should be free and useful at the same time it must be restricted with certain limits and rules that give the necessary guidance.’’ (Montessori, M. (1994). From Childhood To Adolescence, Oxford: Clio press, p73) Within the prepared environment, the child must experience freedom of movement, freedom of exploration, freedom to interact socially, and freedom from interference from others. Structure and Order Structure and Order in the Montessori classroom accurately reflect the sense of structure and order in the universe. By using the Montessori classroom environment the child begins to internalize the order surrounding him, thus making sense of the world in which he lives. If there is not order to his environment, the child’s sense of reason may be off since he will not be able to validate his findings. Atmosphere and Beauty Montessori environments should be beautiful, reflect peace and tranquillity. The environment should invite the learner to come in and work. This atmosphere is easily seen by the attitude of those working there, both child and adult. Nature and Reality Montessori believed that we should use nature to inspire children. She continually suggested that Montessori teachers take the children out into nature, rather than keeping them confined in the classroom. This is why natural materials are preferred in the prepared environment. It is here where child-size real objects come into play. Furniture should be child-size so the child is not dependent on the adult for his movement. Social Environment As children develop, they become more socially aware, preparing to work and play in groups. This social interaction is supported throughout the environment and is encouraged with the nature of multi-age classroom settings. A prepared environment only with a Montessori teacher becomes a whole. The children and the teacher unite to form education whole which is dynamic and continuous process of development for both of them. Montessori materials The materials must aid the internal formation of the child. The material must correspond to the child’s inner needs. This means that materials must be presented at the right moment of the child’s development. Periods of development The four Planes (or phases) of development is an overall vision of Montessori’s developmental psychology from infancy to adulthood. 3 9 15 21 Birth first 6 second 12 third 18fourth 24 24 First period (0-6 years) This period is marked by rapid and intense changes in the overall development physical, cognitively, socially, emotionally. Second period (6-12 years) Montessori observed changes in children focus and direction in their development. Children’s focus change from one of self-creation to the development of social being. Third period (12-18 years) Montessori regarded adolescence as a period of great vulnerability and a period of self-construction. The Role of the Teacher Dr. Montessori believed that the teacher should focus on the child as a person rather than on the daily lesson plans. Although the Montessori teacher plans daily lessons for each child, she must be alert to changes in the child’s interest, progress, mood, and behaviour. Child [observer][Provider] Teacher Environment [Preparer] Teacher and child has two folds of role to play. Teacher is an observer observing the child in the environment. Preparer-prepares the friendly environment for the child.Maria Montessori offered some general principles of behaviour for teachers in the Montessori classroom. The teacher becomes the custodian of the environment. All the apparatus is to be kept meticulously in order, perfect condition the teacher also must be tidy and clean, calm and dignified When the child begins to show interest in any activity, the teacher must not interrupt, because this interest corresponds with natural laws and opens up a whole cycle of new activities exist. The duty of the teacher is only to present new things when she knows that a child has exhausted all the possibilities of those he was using before. Montessori teachers are the dynamic link between children and the Prepared Environment. They systematically observe their students and interpret their needs. They are constantly experimenting, modifying the environment to meet their perceptions of each childs needs and interests, and objectively noting the result. They prepare an environment meant to facilitate children’s independence and ability to freely select work that they find appealing. They observe and evaluate each child’s individual progress. They respect and protect their students independence. They are diagnosticians who can interpret patterns of growth, development, and behaviour in order to better understand the children and make necessary referrals and suggestions to parents. Conclusion From birth to adulthood a child undergoes development and transformation within him. To be able to develop themselves fully, children need a special inner tutor which Montessori referred to as absorbent mind and sensitive period. The natural laws that govern the child normal psychic developmentsduring the varies period of development are revealed during his construction. With his inner potentials, and the sensitive periods with a prepared environment and a teacher, the childhood period undergoes varies transformation. By this the child gets normalised and become an unified personality in the society.