Website Review and Summary Essay Example for Free

Website Review and Summary EssayInfant Mortality Infant mortality is a sound matter when it concerns the life of an infant. Many individuals and families have had to face the death of a child in one substance or another. Infant mortality posterior cause devastating implications for all those involved. The awareness of assistance offered from local anesthetic, give in and internal government agencies are available for those who have experience the death of an infant. One way to provide information would be to understand what public and community wellness is all about. Public and Community health is important and researching tie in websites can social welfare those who are interested. This paper entrust address and compare how local, province and national government websites address specific information regarding infant mortality. In addition, information will be explored specifically related to whether or not the information found in the websites overlap, what type of s ocial organisation is identified between the levels of government, what functions are seen at separately level of government, and how the levels of government work together specifically regarding infant mortality.Defining Public and Community Health.First of all, public health deals with promoting health through the colloquy and organizational efforts to assist health care providers, the public, the communities and individuals. (Kleinfelder, 2013). To be honest, for the most part, people refer to public health simply as free, meaning a place to go when they need state and federally funded vaccinations, influenza and pneumonia shots, wellness legal community, and tuberculine screening for health care workers to mention a few. As far as community health, this addresses issues through education, research on diseases, injury prevention and the promotion of healthy lifestyles.Howdoes the information overlap?When researching for the sole purpose of obtaining information specifically re lated to infant mortality, many websites are reviewed. The information identified did at times overlap such as the percentages of infant deaths at the local and state levels as opposed to the United States percentage of infant deaths, meaning the percentages were typically the same. In addition, the top rated causes of infant deaths from one website to the next were similar such as fulminant infant death syndrome, premature births, very low birth weights and birth defects. Types of structure and function identified between levels of government. Each level of the government whether local, state or national, has their own processes and procedures to handle concerns affecting the people. The structure at the state level governs over the city, or local counties. When an issue arises that local and state levels cannot handle, national levels will assist to resolve those issues.The purpose of understanding the structures among the government levels is not only to figure out how to identi fy, analyze, plan and implement resolutions to health concerns, such as infant mortality, it is also important understand the funding for health care and other needs of the people. In the eyes of the people it must prove its authenticity to remain in office. According to Beitsch LM, Brooks, Grigg Menachemi, (2006), A strong infrastructure is required to perform public health services and to protect the public from environmental toxins, influenza, continuing diseases, and unacceptable rates of infant mortality. State health agencies must be able to provide the core functions of public health, assessment, policy development, and assurance across the domains of health protection and health promotion activities.The local and state agencys focus on decreasing infant death. To accomplish this, the government provides funding to modify state-based programs the ability to perform surveillance to gather information that would enable a decline in maternal and infant mortality. The purpose of the information gathered is utilise to develop the health programs associated with infant mortality or other health related issues. In addition, the ability to identify infant mortality risks rests on the shoulders of local and state agencies. These agencies use of pregnancy risk assessment monitoring systems data to complete this task. Ona national level, the U.S. Department of Health and Human work will work with state agencies to develop a national strategy for addressing all health related issues. (Riegelman, 2010).How do the levels of government work together?all(a) agencies work in a collaborative effort to improve womens health prior to pregnancy, promote quality prenatal care, strengthening surveillance and research, including prevention and overall health promotion. According to Beitsch, Brooks, Grigg Menachemi, (2006). The goals of these agencies communicate with the main objective to improve access to quality pre-conception, peri-conception, and prenatal health care across racial/ social and geographical divides, and to provide the best available care to mothers and infants.ConclusionIn all reality, despite the efforts of all levels of government health agencies, the probability of the concerns surrounding infant mortality will continue simply due to the ignorance and negligence of the American public to simple choose not to do the right thing. All levels of government, whether local, state or national, infant mortality is a health concern to be reckoned with. We, as a community, have an obligation to understand that educating ourselves through research and reviewing websites for companionship is key to resolve all public and community health concerns on all levels. The paper did explore information related to websites address the type of structure between the levels of government, what functions are seen at each level of government, and how the levels of government work together specifically regarding infant mortality. The ability to promote educational programs to prevent a death of an infant is a necessity to ensure lifelong happiness.ReferencesBeitsch LM, Brooks RG, Grigg M, Menachemi N. Structure and Functions of State Public Health Agencies. American Journal of Public Health. 2006 96(1)167-172. inside10.2105/AJPH.2004.053439.Kleinfelder, J., (2013). What is the difference between community health andpublic health? Retrieved from http//wwwresearchgate./post/What_is_the_diffe Riegelman, R. K. (2010). Public health 101 Healthy peoplehealthy populations. Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett.

The Role of Technical Teacher Education Essay Example for Free

The Role of Technical teacher development EssayCountries of the world ar sepa order as developed or under developed establish on the level of grooming of its citizenry and their ability to use k right offledge, skill and attitude to reiterate scientific ideas in attending to the puzzles of mankind. Technical tuition is the right kind of knowledge that is capable of genteelness individuals to translate ideas into products that allow assist mankind to do things with ease. The teaching of skillful subjects is conducted by the practiced teacher.This paper is of the view that the good teacher who is properly spring uped and is working under ideal environment potful train progenyer generation that will be free of poverty, achieve popular basic cultivation, empower women, cast down child deathrate, combat HIV/ help and develop globose partnership, thus achieving the MDGs target. The paper made recommendations among which is for the MDGs to adopt the bottom to top mode of livelihood and the need for the MDGs to integrate provision of funds particularly for leveraging of training tools, equipment and infrastructure for practiced teacher training.Introduction commandment is seen as an agent of development in any society of the world, that is why societies that atomic proceeds 18 educated are looked at as developed societies and less educated as underdeveloped societies. This is so because the developed societies use tuition to develop things that will solve prevailing problems of mankind in the form of products of technology. These products are developed by citizens of these countries utilize skills, knowledge and attitudes acquired through with(predicate) training in schoolings and technical based subjects.It is in realization of these facts that the Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) (2004) stressed that, science and technology shall continue to be taught in an integrated manner in the schools to promote in the students the appreci ation of practical application of ideas. This type of program line if acquired will provide students with sellable skills that can be employ to generate job opportunities and alternatively reduce poverty.Itshould moreover be storied that, training cannot take place unless on that point are teachers that are properly trained in technical teacher training institutions to impact the required skills, knowledge and attitudes in the students. That is why Olaitan (1986) sees the teacher as an agent of changing people attitudes, beliefs and values using the right technique. Similarly Adeoye (2008) storied that the teacher is the king-pin of quality in education and development of the society.In the same light Garba (2002) posits that the success of technological development of any nation begins with the quality of technical teachers as no education system can rise above the quality of its teachers (FRN, 2004). The millenary development goals (MDGs) is a global strategy aimed at cut b ack poverty, hunger, insecurity, sexual practice inequality, achieve universal basic education, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, ensure environmental sustainability and develop a global partnership for development.This paper is of the opinion that the achievement of the MDGs can best be aimed at if the right quality and quantity of technical teachers are produced. The paper thereof discusses technical teachers preparation and production in Nigeria, the MDGs and the objective relating to education, the role of technical teacher education in realization of MDGs target, Factors affecting technical teacher education in realizing the goals of the MDGs and recommendation were offered. Technical Teacher Preparation and Production Programme in Nigeria.thither is always the need to create an awareness of the problems, which arise in a particular profession and to improve on the level of competencies for dealing with such problem (Adetunji and Victo r (1997) that is why the subject field Policy on command (2004), indicates that, teacher education shall continue to be given major emphasis in all educational planning and development, it further stated that teacher education shall be structured to take cognizance of changes in methodology and the curriculum, by ensuring that teachers are fully exposed to innovation in their profession.This is most needed by the technical teacher because of the dynamic nature of the world of technology and its effect on the teaching of technical subjects. Ali (1992) stressed that with the advert of the 21st century technologies, the command of sound academic knowledge and professional skills are fundamental in the training of teachers, especially in the use of modern methods and technologies for teaching their subject area.Foel and Fritz (1998) observe that teacher education is experiencing new formats that combine conventional (Traditional education delivery system) with evolving technology in order to transfer knowledge to students. That is why Goro (2000) chat for a new look at the training of teachers, especially the technical teachers because the present educational systems particular concern is that teachers must be oriented towards development of practical skills in the trainees.The technical teacher is he who is a master of the trade, in the same manner is able to impart the correct and street smart skills (Olaitan 1986), in a similar view Dambe and Garba (2007) looked at the technical teacher as a teacher who posses practical and theoretical knowledge of his vocation, has clear reasonableness of the student he teachers, and ensures that he increases in the knowledge of his dramatic art at all time. The training process of a technical teacher therefore calls for a balance of theoretical and practical knowledge.In a bid to train teachers that will posses the required knowledge that Ali (1992) looked at training the technical teacher, by using the concurrent cau se approach, where professional trade skills and academic content are pursued in parallel. This mode of training is the most popular approach used for technical teacher training. However, another school of thought was that the technical teacher should first be practically skilled in that subject matter beforehand embarking on pedagogical skill acquisition.Goro (2000) shares the same view as he indicates a support for post graduate training in education later a professional training in trade. Whatever the approach, the emphasis should be on striking a balanced knowledge that will enable the teacher impart the required skills in an appropriate manner. This is necessary because the success or failure of technological development of a society begins with the quality of manpower (teachers) trustworthy for training the technology teachers.Olaitan (1996) looked at the technical teacher training in Nigeria to include the formal and informal training. The informal is d single at the home or family level, and the apprenticeship level, the graduates of which will be serving as masters to train others. However, the formal training of teachers is in three stages, the Nigeria certificate in education (NCE) which prepares teachers for teaching in junior second-string schools. There is also the graduate and postgraduate technical teacher education programme.In the same view Abdullahi and Sai (1998) pointed out that technical teacher training is provided in three stages namely the postgraduate, the bachelor and the Nigerian Certificate in gentility (Technical) levels. There are however two modes of preparing technical teachers at the NCE level for teaching in the junior secondary schools the two modes are in agreement with two vocational administrative theories of dual and unity controls (Olaitan 1996).Accordingly, the single control is a situation whereby technical teacher education is housed in institution that are offering purely technical teacher education courses e. g. Colleges of Education (Technical), whereas the dual control is when technical education Porgramme are run in the same institution with other courses like arts, social studies, history, pure science as obtains in conventional colleges of education.Students of Technical Education Programmes at the NCE level are expected to take courses from general area in Technical/vocational Education, general Education, Education and Entrepreneurship Education, and are later expected to specialize in one area before graduation. Students are further expected to spend cardinal (12) weeks of industrial attachment (NCCE 2002) after graduation the products are expected to teach introductory technology at the junior secondary school level. As of now there are twenty five (25) Colleges of Education offering NEC (Technical) courses in Nigeria.(NCCE, 2007). At the graduate and post graduate levels, the training of vocational technical teachers take place in the Universities. As at now the five Universit ies of technology namely, Federal Universities of engineering, Akure, Bauchi, Minna, Owerri and Yola are running degree and postgraduate programmes in Technology Education and other vocational areas. Other Unversities such as Ahmadu Bello Unversities Zaria, Benin, Calabar, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Uyo, and Ibadan run degree and postgraduate programmes in vocational technical education.It should be noted however that, some colleges of education are currently running programmes leading to the award of a bachelor degree in Technical and vocational Education as affiliate colleges of Universities (NCCE 2002). The millennium phrasement Goals (MDGs) The vision of developers of the MDGs was on the general concern to do away with problems affecting the citizens of their nations. That is why they aimed at creating strategies towards reduction of poverty, hunger, diseases, increase rise to power to education, health, housing and sustainable management of the environments resource.In the development of the MDGs and strategies for achieving the goals, 189 countries of the world met in new-fangled York in September 2000, and signed the millennium declaration which has come to be globally known as the millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The primary goal of the leaders of these nations in developing the MDGs is to address the problems facing fellow men, women and children such as abject poverty and dehumanizing conditions to which more than a billion people across the world are subjected to. (Umar, Suleiman Adamu, 2009).Accordingly Dung-Gwon (2009), noted that the MDGs father 8 goals, each has one or more targets and several indicators. He further report that, in 2002, there were 18 targets and 48 indicators. In 2007, 4 more targets were added. To this effect, countries of the world sport also added their own targets and indicators to meet their aspiration. This is so because the levels of development of variant nations are not the same, so also prioties vary amo ng nations. The MDGs is therefore, a general blue chump for development of nations of the world.Dung-Gwom (2009) states that the general MDGs goals statement across the nations are as follows 1. Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieving universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and women empowerment 4. Reducing child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership The general goals of the MDGs have within it three that are education related. Iyortyer (2010) noted that, the three goals that mainly impacts on the education sector areAchieving Universal sanctioned Education (Goal 2) Promotion of gender parity or equality (Goal 3) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (Goal 6) Three goals out of eight counsel on education surely indicates that a priority to education is a step towards the attainment of other objectives, as stated by Iyortyer (2010) that education is an inst rumental role for development of any nation, an antidote to poverty and the key for unlocking natural resources. In spite of these and the laudable goals and strategies towards achieving the MDGs in Nigeria, records still reveals that untold is desired.In song with this Ibrahim (2006) states that, Nigeria millenary Development Goals Report for 2004 and 2005 shows that Nigeria is far off the mark in terms of implementation of many goals of the MDGs. Similarly Igbugo in Umar, Suleiman and Adamu (2009) asserted that, there is a in force(p) doubt if Nigeria can achieve the MDGs by the target 2015. So also Igbuzor (2007) reported that even though Nigeria is a signatory to the MDGs, it is yet far from achieving the MDGs, furthermore he maintained that it is lack of political will that is the greatest stumbling block to the achievement of the MDGs, in Nigeria.Based on the MDGs report and personal observations of the indices it is clear that much is desired. This paper is of the opinion that provision of training that equip the individual with saleable skills will greatly lead Nigeria to the achievement of the MDGs. Role of Technical Teacher Education in Realization of the MDGs Technical teacher education programme is a programme that train teachers of technically based trades who are expected to teach in junior secondary schools and technical colleges. The product of which are the country futures engineers and inventors.The role of technical teacher in the achievement of MDGs will be discussed in line with the eight MDGs as follows 1. Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. Even though report of MDGs 2005 shows slide decline in poverty from 65. 5% in 1996 to 54. 4% in 2004. ofttimes is still desired as the 54. 4% is still high and should attract concern bearing in mind that Nigeria is a well-heeled country with poor citizenry. With a technical teacher programme that is able to produce highly trained technical teachers. The teacher should be able to train fut ure generation of students that will possess the required skill in various trades.The skill acquired will create jobs that will prove the individual all self employment or be employed by any employer of labour. Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004) indicates that, technical education is a means of preparing for occupational field and a means of alleviating poverty. 2. Achieve Universal Primary Education The MDGs report 2005, shows that there is great improvement in literacy level, however, Iyortyer (2010) revealed that the target of the MDGs indicators maintain that with child(p) literacy rate for 15-24 years will improve to reach 89% in 2015.While gender equity and equitable access to basic and continuing education for adult will be pursued towards meeting up the target. To achieve this target, there is the need for teacher that will be responsible for teaching of craft, poetry and the Basic technology. The teacher that is trained for such is the technical teacher. 3. Promote Gende r Equality and Empowerment One of the targets of the MDGs is to ensure that gender disparity is eliminated, and equal access to education is same for both boys and girls. However Dung- Gwom (2009) indicates that the percentage of boys is 82% in 1990 and 79% in 2004.This shows that boys still account for greater percentage of primary school pupils. Much is still desired, and it is one of the responsibilities of the teacher to sensitize parents as they live in the society with the parents and the pupils. 4. Reduce Child Mortality With more educated mothers who have acquired skills for employment, mortality rate of the child will be highly decreased, as most of the causes of child mortality are poverty related.Similarly with a generation of young talents equipped with technical skill, the skill can further be used in theprovision and maintenance of medical equipment that will be used in reduction of child mortality. 5. Improve Maternal Health The MDGs report 2004 shows that maternal m ortality was 74 per 1000. This rate is high and can only be reduced if mothers are equipped with skill to earn a living. The skills of the technical teacher can be directed to the mothers for empowerment. 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases In Nigeria the relative incidence of HIV/AIDS has been on upward trend since the diseases was discovered in the country 1. 8% 1999, to 5. 8% in 2000 (Nigeria, MDG Report 2005).A good number of the infected persons are equally, living under poverty, with no job and so they could not afford the feeding requirements even if the drugs are free. The situation would have not been the same if they have learnt technical skills to provide services for pay. 7. Ensure Environment Sustainability To sustain the environment, there is the need to have the knowledge, skills and attitude of doing such. Umar, Suleiman and Adamu (2009) reports that about 70% of the urban dwellers in Nigeria live below poverty bench mark and their condition is not bound to improve much between now and 2015.This can be better if a good number of Nigerians are equipped with skills in technical trades such as Building maintenance, Design and plumbing, Vehicle maintenance etc 8. Develop a Global Partnership for Development The world is becoming a global village, this is much so because of the advent of technological product especially in the area of information and communication technology (ICT). With ICT information is obtained and utilized. However to do that one need the basic training to understand the technology and the kwon how of applying it. Challenges of Technical Teacher Education in Realizing the MDGs.Technical teacher education can do a lot in the realization of the MDGs, but the followings have stood as a barrier. 1. Lack of adequate funding Technical teacher education being a technical oriented programme requires tools equipment and infrastructure without which technical education cannot be said to be offered. It is however clear that gen eral funding to education in Nigeria is far from the expected. Onyidoh (2006) noted that, the money allocated to education falls short of the UNESCOs recommended 25% of annual budget he further noted that the allocation from 2003 to date is barely in the range of 1.83-5% allocation to education. This might surely not be enough to cater for the funding of institutions that are characterized by, leaking roofs, unpaved floors, unsanitized conditions and general picture of neglect. This situation cannot guarantee training of technical teachers with the needed skills for the training of young generation in our junior secondary schools that are expected to pave way for the technological advancement of Nigeria 2. Administrators attitude.Even with the low level of funding in the budget, other agencies such as the Education trust fund (ETF) do intervene. It is however regrettable that a lot of institutions of higher learning cannot accesses the fund due to stringent conditions for accessing the ETF money which does not give much room for diversion of the fund. And for the fact that most of these administrator are not there because they have interest in the system,. they prefer to forfeit the ETF than follow due process to access it.Speaking on the administrators attitude Onyidoh (2010) noted that administrators have little interest in institution they are heading, because vice chancellors, provost and rectors appointed in Nigeria today are politicians in the academic robes. 3. MDGs approach to funding Due to corruption and non-commitment of leadership of institutions they have found the MDGs money easy to grab than the ETF, because the MDGs money do came directly to them in the name of so call desk officers who in most cases are the good boy and girls of the leaders of the institution.That is why in many cases projects already financed through other means are mark MDGs project and after inspection, tags can be replaced, that is the game as usual. 4. Absence of infras tructure Technical teacher education require infrastructure such as workshops, classrooms and the needed equipment. This infrastructure is absent or not enough in most of the institutions that are responsible for training the technical teachers. The situation will make the teacher unable to provide the right training to the junior secondary school students who are expected to be the future engineers, technician etc that will move Nigeria forward.5. New Technologies The training to be given in junior secondary schools by technical teachers should be to introduce them to the world of technology and arose interest of the students in prime(prenominal) of vocation and to lead students to have intelligent understanding of the increasing complexity of technology (FRN, 2004). The continuous inventions of new technological products that most of the institutions teachers are not old(prenominal) with the operation principles of the new technologies.For the training to be relevant, it must be ar a direct relationship with that in the industries, firms or business required to enable students gibe into their vocations after graduation (Aguisiobe, in Garba and Nuhu, 2007). The existing situation in institution is far from the state of art as some of the machines were in existence since the mid-seventies or 1980. They cannot provide any training on new technologies of whatever level. 6. In-sincerity of Nigerian leaders. Most policy statements in Nigeria sound good, but when it comes to implementation the problem arises.This is so because as policies are implemented those in authorities will begin to skim for what to personally get out of it. Take for instance the issues of universal basic education programme, it has a policy that pupil will be provided meals during school hours and that primary school teachers salaries will be 5 times through 2015. At the beginning skeletal feeding was provided but as it is, the whole money targeted for that purpose are in peoples pocket o r used for purchase of expensive vehicles. Secondly there is no record apart from the 27% increase which some states are even yet to pay that teacher have ever experienced.But yet these governors and their agent are part of the agreement and receive much for such. Recommendations In order to address the challenges the following recommendations are provided. 1. There is the need for the MDGs to integrate provision of fund particularly for the provision of training tools, equipment and infrastructure. 2. The attitude of the administrators needs to be checked by the involvement of host communities and various trade unions in the execution of all MDGs projects through close monitoring and evaluation. 3.MDGs approach to funding should adopt the bottom to top approach, just as is through with(p) by the ETF. This will reduce the rate of corruption. 4. There is the need to re-train the technical teachers on ground, in the area of new technologies, and the integration of the new technologie s, such as phone repairs, computer circuit design etc in the curriculum of technical teacher training institutions by so doing the curriculum will be usable and relevant. 5. Leaders should be honest in handling issues to do with the MDGs target, for the programme to succeed. Conclusion.The paper was of the focus that, to achieve the MDGs in Nigeria, there is the needs to have a kind of education that will enable the learner acquire skills, attitude and knowledge that will lead to job creation. And that kind of education can be provided by the properly trained technical teacher. However challenges abound for the technical teacher training and the teaching of Basic technology at the junior secondary schools. REFERENCES Adullahi, M. L. SaI, H. R (1998). Strategies for improving vocational and technical teacher Preparation in Nigeria.A paper presented at the second annual National conference on Improving the quality of Vocation and Technical Education in Nigeria for sustainable Develo pment organized by the school Vocational and Technical Education, Federal College of Education Kastina 25th May. Adetunji, O. Victor, A (1997). Science technology and economics revitalization in the year 2000 A. D and beyond the role of teacher education in Nigeria proceedings of the conference of the Nigerian association of Teachers of Technology on production approach to the teaching of concepts in technology for national development.Ali, H. (1992). Teachers evaluation for instructional improvement. The Nigeria Teacher like a shot 1 (2) .14-19. Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2004). National policy on Education 4th ed Lagos. NERC. Foel, N. A. Frit, R. L. (1998). The influences of technology on vocational teacher education, -e-Journal of vocational and technical education. Retrieved 16/01/2009 http//scholar. lib. vt. edu/ejournals/ej-search. html. ,. Garba, E. Y. Dambe, N. (2007). Reorganizing the NCE technical programme for effective skill acquisition.Journal of issues in techn ical teacher education 4 (1). 119 -126. Goro,C. A. (2000). Technical teacher production and usage in nigerian secondary education relevance for developing skills of craftsmanship and humanistic discipline. Teacher production and turnover patterns in Nigeria National commission for colleges of education Kaduna. National Commission for Colleges of Education. (2002). Minimum standard for Nigeria certificate in education vocational and technical education 3rd edition Garki, Abuja,. Author. National Commission for Colleges of Education.(2006). National commission for colleges of education Brochure. Abuja Author. National Commission for Colleges of Education. (2007). National commission for colleges of education, Digest of statistics on colleges of education in Nigeria 2005/2004 and 2004/2005 vol. 8 Abuja Author. Olaitan S. O. (1986). Vocational education and national manpower development constraints and strategies. Vocational education association journal 2 10-12. Olaitan,S. O. (1996). Vocational and technical education in Nigeria Issues and analysis. Onitsha.Noble Graphic Press. Olaitan, S. O. (1986). Vocational education and national manpower development Construct and Strategies. Vocational education association journal 2, 10-14 Umar, A. J. , Suleiman, H. J. Adamu, A. M. (2009). Role of vocational and technical Education realization of the millennium development goals (MDGs) in Nigeria. A paper presented at the 2nd COEASU North-East zone annual Conference held at college of education jalingo. Dung-Gwon, J. Y. (2009). Vocational Technical Education and the millennium Development goals in Nigeria.An overview. Unpublished lead paper presented At the 7th annual Conference of the Nigeria association of vocational And Technical Educators (NAVTED), at COE Akwanga, Nassarawa State,Nigeria. Iyortyer, M. T. (2010). MDG necessitate Assessment A paper presentation of MDGs costing Workshop held at Government House Internet base station, Yola, Adamawa state 22nd -24th March . Ibrahim, A. J. (2006). Progress on MDGs in Nigeria Education Where are we? Unpublished paper presented at the 12th yearbook Nigeria Economic Summit 7th-9th June. Igbuzor, O.(2007). Nigeria and the Millennium Development Goals. Proceedings of 20th Annual Conference, Nigeria Association of teacher of technology 53-54 The National Planning Commission,(2005). Nigeria Millennium Development Goals 2005 report. Garba, E. Y Nuhu, D. (2007). Reorganizing the NCE technical programme for effective skill Acquisition. Journal of issues in technical teacher education 4 (1) 119-126 Onyidoh, H. (2010). The decline of the education system in Nigeria. Retrieved 6/07/2010. Htt//www. helium. com/knowledge/90654.

Overview On Schizophrenia: Disorder Of The Mind

Overview On Schizophrenia Disorder Of The MindSchizophrenia has plagued humankind since the early centuries. The bible mentions of paranoia and manic rage in several books, precisely personally, my favorite is found in the book of Psalms.He who dwells in the shelter of the Most High leave abide in the shadow of the Almighty. I will say to the Lord, My refuge and my fortress, my God, in whom I trust. For he will deliver you from the sn be of the fowler and from the deadly pestilence. He will cover you with his pinions, and under his wings, you will ferret out refuge his faithfulness is a shield and buckler. You will not fear the terror of the night, nor the ar quarrel that flies by day (Ps. 91 1-16, ESV).The importance of intercession selections and research are unparallel to this disorder. One may ask, If this disorder carries a long history, then how common is the disorder in todays populations? The commonality of dementia praecox boggles the health care and research community . Diagnosis and the mandated criteria in which the disorder is understood is puzzling. The disorder itself is complex but common, regular(a) in the elder community.The rates of schizophrenic disorder continue to heave and now even crossing over to late adult hood. Matter of fact, it is estimated that one in twenty-five population are dirty dogvasd with several(prenominal) form of affable disorder in their lifetime. With odds such as this, it is vital for our medical, psychological, and uncanny community to be sensitive and consistent in teaching the populacewhat a noetic illness is and does to those that suffer. Within the medical and psychological community, it is common to see both words, mental illness, and disorder to mean the same thing. Matsumoto Juang (2008) describe a mental illness as a form of abnormality (p. 283).The best way to understand schizophrenic disorder is through the knowledge from the medical community to the highest degree the bodily make up and d efinition of the illness. Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, disabling brain disease (Mental Health America, 2009). Schizophrenia is characterized and known to cause gross distortions of reality onanism from social interaction and disorganization of perception and thought (Carson, Butcher Colman, 1988, p. 322). The disease does not know just one race, one cultureactually schizophrenia is world wide, across all continents. A prime example of the cross culture studies performed on schizophrenia patients comes from The World Health Organization (WHO 1973, 1981). The organization sponsored the multinational Pilot write up of Schizophrenia (IPSS) to compare the seek and symptoms of the illness on a global level.The disease has distinct, unbiased symptoms (WHO, 1979).Therefore, the idea that on that point is a unique(predicate) demographic to this disorder is incorrect. The diagnostic features of the disorder are wide and tend to give therapists and doctor a pathway to diagnosing . Some of thedirect symptoms, which we will talk of later in the essay, but a snapshot of them includehallucinations, instability, hearing of voices and most common disorganized delivery. Each symptom, studied throughout many antithetic cultures and race have commonality.To determine if a person has schizophrenia, several industry standard evaluations and processes exist. Most people today recognize schizophrenia as a mentaldisorder (Yarhouse et al., 2005, p. 252). The testing process of schizophrenia, much like opposite mental disorders of psychosis, carcass somewhat the same. The first and foremost step in diagnose of schizophrenia is an exhausted assessment. Treatment plans included are individual therapy, behavior and cognitive therapy, and lastly pharmapsychology (the admistration of medication by a psychiatrist).Schizophrenia has the label cognitive disorder however, it affects other things such as emotions, daily life, and speech. Being that patients with the disorder ha ve disorganized speech and instability in their lives, the psychology community performs worldwide studies on different aspects of the disorder. An academically claimed study is the 2009 study of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia patients performed from Hanuskiewicz, Chechnicki, et al.Within Hanuskiewiczs assessment he performed a study of normal speech rates and understanding, referred in the study as literal fluency (Hanuszkiewicz, Cechnicki, et al., pp. 27-34) effects those withschizophrenia, and drops dramatically with the age of the disorder. The fluency tests of Hanuszkieicz and party ranged from (sd=4.87)for leisure fluency and(sd=5.99) for living berth fluency in speech. The levels were significant in establishing a just cause that verbal skills and/or speech are a major cognitive associate with the schizophrenia patients from all parts of the world.Schizophrenia is often a debate on diagnosis due to the lack of understanding in the creativity that some with this disord er are blessed. Batey and Furnham (2009) discuss the relationship between what they refer to as Schizotypy (2009), creativity vs. intelligence. Schizotypy refers to an individuals proneness to psychosis and in particular, to schizophrenia (Batey, and Furman, 2009, p. 273). The measures of this study consist of fluency and divergent thinking, and the outcome was one that might set a standard for the need too not solely rely on psychology testing for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The study proved that creativity in people with schizophrenia scores higher then intelligence. This means even if someone is not intelligent, they may muted be creative enough to alter testing with tests such as fluency, as seen in this article. psychopathology stresses that psychosis (a basis for schizophrenia) as a persons loss of reality. Psychopathology sides with the diathesis-stress model. According to Yarhouse et al., this model situates, environment and stress endured changes bring on schizophren ia type symptoms (2005, p. 395). Currently 2.5 million American struggles with schizophrenia This devastating disorder cadaver a top priority of the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2000). The APA claims schizophrenia to be the ultimate form of psychological breakdown (2000).According to research (Butcher, Mineka and Hookey, 2004) approximants, that 1 percent of the entire adult population in every culture and every type of community is affected with schizophrenia. However, other research (Comer, 2003) observes the acuteness to be larger and more(prenominal) significant in poverty-stricken cultures. Either way, schizophrenia is here and very pronounced in our communities and populations throughout the world.Gender to the contrary is about equal. Men however, tend to have more severe symptoms than women do. In addition, men turn out signs of schizophrenia breakdown much sooner. Women on the other hand head what is known in the psychology understanding as, late on-set (Yarho use, et al., 2005, p. 391). This is the age after the age of forty-four and normally before the age of sixty-seven. Although both men and women show forms of late on-set, due to the fact of women showing later signs they are the most popular population for this form.Going back to the diagnostic features of schizophrenia, thither are heavy criteria necessary for accurate diagnoses. Thought and expression (both verbal and non-verbal) usually lack. The person also lacks the basic logical skills and beliefs, and is most often delusional and/or experiencing hallucinations. Hallucinations are the primary disturbance for schizophrenia. Along with the lack of motor skills and interest in every day life, these are schizophrenia basics.That is one reason that most people with schizophrenia have comorbidity (a cross between being able to have a diagnosis of multiple disorders). falloff and personality disorders tie close with schizophrenia. Depression and schizophrenia are both psychological disorders, and often a person will face both disorders simultaneously. The depression would of course require a semipermanent (over one year) stretch to be considered as more than just the blues.To help with comorbidital understanding, Schizophrenia symptoms are grouped into three main categories, Positive, negative, and psychomotor (Yarhouse et al., 2005, p. 257). Positive shows dilatory decline of speech and an increase of hallucinations and delusion. This is the first sign of something wrong psychotically. Negative includes lack of personality and temperament. Where as the psychomotor symptoms deal with the decrease of physical use and is normally a later concern or symptom. The progression is normally the same for everyone stricken with schizophrenia.Treatment of schizophrenia is highly unlikely due to a few reasons. The first and most widely misdirected is the cost of healthcare, especially mental health care. With a deficit in our country and many third world countries lack ing funds, this is a major problem. This is followed by the lack of highly skilled-trained psychologist and therapy personnel. Mental health facilities do not always hire the best options for their patients, and most measure rely on aids vs. the educated staff necessary for proper manipulation of their patients.Although this is better than the treatment provided in the early 50s and 60s, which was lockdown in local and state mental hospitals, it is still not up to par. Furthermore should a person get previous(prenominal) their local doctor, and into a therapist/psychiatrist then there would be a hope. There are wonderful options of treatment, but the plans are somewhat disorganized and not patient directed. Budget tends to take front row seat, and this is very unfortunate to all involved.One current option of treatment for schizophrenia that is often easier to access for all is individual or group counseling. This referral can come from a general doctor, and does not require any major loopholes. Although this treatment option is less proven, it be. The main moved of treatment for schizophrenia remains to be pharmapsychology. A recent form of medication labeled as atypical antipsychotic medication (Yarhouse, et al., 2005, p. 264), is widely accepted. These medications produce fewer side affects compared to past pharmapsychology options. Even so, pharmapsychology alone is not as accurate as the blend of both therapy and medication. Medication is considered necessary, but should not be a sole option for those that suffer.A favorite treatment plan personally involves a low dose (to set abouts less or no side affects) and integration community and judicature programs. Along with pastoral programs, since schizophrenia patients are often diagnosed later in life, their denial and offense run high and require a religious or structured caring attitude. Community and pastoral programs are crucial. Agreeable, this type of honor and understanding, along with medicat ion might prove to be the best option heretofore, and remains my personal choice.Another important treatment option or need is prevention and education. Some research has changed the over all view and medical needs and understandings of schizophrenia, but the treatments that are most widely accepted remain the same. It is through twin-to-twin studies and violence studies schizophrenia specific needs become known. In the case of accredited twins, if one develops the illness, there is a 50% chance that the other twin will develop schizophrenia. The amazing fact is that the average public has only a small chance of having this illness.Research, even though lacking, remains pronounced. There are major research firms for the disease, one of them being the NARSAD, The Brain and Behavior Research Fund. This existence continues to fight for an understanding of schizophrenia and actively performs case studies on twin-to-twin and single patients. They are also proud sponsors of the book c alledDivided Minds Twin Sisters and Their Journey with Schizophrenia (Spiro, 2005). Twin studies have a major influence on schizophrenia and the research that surrounds the illness, and continue to prove that genetics is just as coercive in the understanding of the illness. Future studies of schizophrenia hope too also pinpoint physical causes to the environment.Another research land of schizophrenia is violence. As mentioned earlier, sometimes violence shows, and then diagnosis, and then lastly and often late, treatment. The general public and stereotypical populations put a cast on the illness to cause unpeaceful behavior. Studies have concluded that violence is a symptom of someone with schizophrenia. Ten epidemiological studies that specifically examine this relationship found a four-to six-fold increased risk of violent behavior in schizophrenia patients (Langstrong, Hjern et al, 2009).Langstrong among other studies prove that there is a relationship of violence and schizop hrenia, however there needs to be more research to confirm. Because this illness is forever changing, future study is needed. The treatment conditions of schizophrenia include psychotic drugs, group and individual counseling, and behavior therapy.Research of schizophrenia is cumbersome. The unknown, yet very pronounced disorder spreads through the clinical and academic areas of psychology as the worse of the worse in psychological breakdown. The possibility to discuss even a small amount of research proves positive for my point of view. Therefore, a few options and current, as well as past, research notations remain throughout the expiration of this essay.The forever-growing importance of schizophrenia research gives an understanding of not only the illness but also the physical consequences on the person that has the illness. For example, Leucht, Burkard, Henderson agree, It is now well authenticated by research that people with severe mental disorders have a higher prevalence o f several physical diseases and a higher mortality from lifelike causes than the general population (p. 1, 2007). It is the desire of todays researchers and psychologist to find the root cause wither it is from genes or environment, so that patients and their support can become aware of all options. The closed book of this illness continues to keep research at its peak however, the causes are beginning to be truly recognized. Doctors study the physical aspects of schizophrenia, and they study the neurological. The fact is that the brain is the primaeval area that linksemotions and speech. Therefore, if something is off balance in abrain then behavior begins to alter. Many medical articles argue that cognitive function is visit in someone with a mental disorder, such as schizophrenia, than the average healthy person is, because verbal and cognition support each other. This goes back to the verbal concerns that Hanuszkiewicz, Cechnicki, et al found when studying the speech and act ivity of someone with schizophrenia.To be exact, brainimaging shows that in the prodormal phase the patient loses gray matter (neurons and other brain cells) when compared with controls-indication that some underlying brain damage (Seidman, 2009).Prodromal shows a correlation between loss of brain matter and later signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Seidman along with the University of Harvard kick in progressive therapies in the understanding of schizophrenia.Seidmans 2009 article says, The North American Prodromal Longitudinal Study (NAPLS), followed 291 clearly prodromal subjects for two and a half days and found that 35 percent of them went on to develop schizophrenia (Harvard News, Seidman). This study along shows how the prodromal stage plays into future diagnosis of schizophreniaAnother area of research that is useful is the rate of mortality to those that suffer with schizophrenia. Seeman believes that the good news of schizophrenia treatmentsis short lived, because the m ortality rate remains excessive. She refers to the mendment of schizophrenia treatment in the last thirty years insufficient (2002). Seemans studies prove that schizophrenia patients of today are more vulnerable to negative choices such as Homeless, skillful infection, poor diet, smoking, and overuse of abusive substances (Seeman, 2002, p. 162). This means the world is against the one with the illness. Nevertheless, many therapists believe spirituality is exactly what the patient and their love ones may need to enamour such a mental illness as schizophrenia.It is through in-depth understanding of schizophrenia thatwe can learn and accept the illness with a spiritual heart. Eric Johnson (1987) states that there are two aspects of why we all carry a fallen nature and he says the main reasons are that God holds us responsible and that for which God does not (Journal of psychological science and Theology). Education and the willingness to understand any mental illness without fright and ridicule can do wonders in the treatment of the patient, and the therapy of their love ones. The forefront of schizophrenia remains hopeful.There have been many small changes and some very significant improvements attitudes towards families of patients have altered patient autonomy has increased early intervention, aggressive community treatment teams, psycho education, and cognitive behavioral therapy have all been introduced in the last thirty years (Seeman, 1979-2002, p. 162).Within the spiritual understanding of schizophrenia lies the understanding from a healing perspective. Just as Matsumoto Juang believe, Many cross-culture psychologists, psychotherapists, and counselors are sensitive to the issue of somatization (2009, p. 290). They both understand that everyone is different. They promote the very idea of spiritual healing. They both introduce the need for Indigenous Healing, which is rooted in religion and spirituality, not biomedical science (Matsumoto Juang, 2009, p. 323). Spirituality not only gives a riskless place for the patient, but it provides an understanding to the patients love ones.The difficulties of schizophrenia are not small by any mean. Nevertheless, the people with the illness are trying to improve their lives, and we as the medical, social, and spiritual community must come together as one. The talents from the medical and psychological community are bar-none fantastic. Where the skills and understanding of the therapist may experience challenge, the outcome can be positive.Also, just for the person that struggles with schizophrenia to belong to something other than their disorder does a wonder for the progress in their life. With the compassion from the spiritual side, the knowledge from the medical side, and the understanding from the family side, and the urge from those that dedicate their life to the study of schizophrenia such as Seeman and Seidman remain hopeful. After all, hope is a world-wide language. If there is i llness, there is a need for the research, love, understanding, and healing to continue to be a priority for all involved.References(2009). Schizophrenia. NARSAD InfoLine.Mental Health Research Foundation.Retrieved December 1, 2009 from,http//www.narsad.org/?q= thickening/9/disorder.(2005). Abundant Life Bible English Standard Version Holy Bible. Wheaton, IL Tyndale House.American Psychatric Association. 92000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC Author.Batey, M., and Furnham, A. (2009). The Relationship Between Creativity, Schizotypy and Intelligence. Individual Difference Research Association, Inc. 7(4), pp 272-28. Retrieved October 12, 2010 from, Idr-Journal.com.Butcher, J., Mineka, S., and Hooley, J. (2004). Abnormal psychological science (12th ed.). New York Guildford.Carson, R. C., Butcher, J. N., Coleman, J. C. (1988). Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life (8th edition). Glenview, IL Scott Foresman.Comer, R. (2003). Abnormal Psycholo gy (5th ed.). New York Worth.Johnson, E. L. (1987). Sin, weakness and psychopathololgy. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 15(3), 218.Hanuszkiewicz, I., Andrzej, C., Kalisz, A. (2009). The Relationship between Cognitive Deficits and the Course of Schizophrenia Preliminary Research on Participants of Rehabilitation Programme. Psychiatry and psychotherapy Archives.(3) pp. 27-34.ReferencesLangsstrom, N., Hjern, A. et al.(2009). Citations and Editors Notes Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders.Schizophrenia, substance abuse, and violent crime.University of Oxford,UKRemedica medical Education Publishing.JAMA2009 3012016-23.Leucht, S., Burkard, T., Henderson, J. H., Maj, M. Sartorius, N. (2007).Physical Illness and Schizophrenia A Review of the Evidence.New York,NYCambridgeUniversityPress.Masamoto, D. Juang, L. (2008). Culture Psychology (4th edition). Belmont, CA Wadsworth.Seeman, Mary, V. (1979, 2009). Clinical Schizophrenia Related Psychoses. Toronto, Canada Walsh Medical M edia. Vol. 3(3). doi. 10.3371/CSRP.3.3.5. pp. 161-167.Seidman, L. (2009). Pathology Pattern of Brain Activity Signals Danger in Schizophrenia. Therapeutic Focus Shifting to Earliest Statges of Disease. Harvard Medical School Article, Focus Online News. Retrieved October 7, 2010 from, http//focus.hms.harvard.edu/2009/022009/pathology.shtml.Spiro, Carolyn Pamela. (2005). Divided Mind Twin Sisters and Their Journey Through Schizophrenia. New York, NY Saint Martins Press.World Health Organization. (1973). Report of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (Vol. 1). Geneva Author.World Health Organization. (1979). Schizophrenia An international follow-up study. New York, NY Wiley.

Influence of Government Type on Policy Making

Influence of Government Type on Policy MakingWhen a state has a democratic government, the process of implementing a law is extremely tedious comp atomic number 18d to a monarchy.In a monarchy,the rulers word is law, and that law is enacted precisely when the ruler says it is, sparing a great deal of time and work. However, the trade-offis necessary,especi wholey in complex form _or_ system of government issues,such asforeign insurance,that relateto war.Whenentering employment withaforeign nation,its crucial for the survival of a nation. War is an extremely costly operation, onethat can cause substantialfinancial deadening toanation. A democratic policy-making system,such asinthe USA,specifically prevents a nationfromentering warsfor any defensiveor distastefulpurposethat is not publicly approved, because a mistake in such stopping point will impact the survival of anation. Even though in that location is a loss of efficiency, it ensures the survival of a nation.However, the main reason why extensive checks on policy is necessary,is because we humans suffer from our own psychological bias.In the book The Nudge, the author describeswe humancan be manipulated by savvy architects of choice .Referencingthat we human,andpoliticiansof course,will sometimes makes incorrect decision or irrational decision basedonpsychological manipulation. A check and balance systemextensivelyprevents that from happening in our government.By make single sided and quick decisions closely impossible from our policy making process.Despite the obvious lossofefficiency, this trade-off of speed for balance is essential. The framers of the American constitution knew well the results of absolute ruleand unified the nation they founded very specifically to avoid such tyranny. A somewhat clunky government is the unavoidable price of a multi-faceted government. In turn, public community is encouraged under such a system, as people are made to feel that their efforts can make a differ ence, as opposed to the awareness that a distant and unconcernedmonarchwill simply do as heor shelikes regardless of public opinion and action.Using the unite States as an example, thepresident, head of the executive branch of government and holder of the ostensive title of head of state,has virtually no power to draft new legislation. In fact, his (or her) authority in this motion is entirely limited to effectively asking nicely forCongress (which constitutes the legislative branch) to introduce the desired law. Political allies in the House of Representatives will certainly comply, but their opponents are sure to question and criticize the new law to within an inch of its life, insisting on amendments and modifications if they offer it to move forward at all. Assuming some agreement oftentaking a long time toreachand achieved only after the necessary rounds of political scheming and posturing can be reached, essentially the entire process must be repeated in the Senate, whe re the unique balance ofsenators may bring the bills future into question yet again.We can see that by allowing discussion and exchange betweentheSenate andHouse,the public participation in the political matter increasesas well. As each citizenrecognizesthat we elected our own policy makers,every citizen makes a difference,as opposedto a monarch,who often distanceshimor herself from the public when making public policy,thus discouragingpublic participation.One way to allow the public participation isallowing public to formspecial interest group to fight down their position in the government by lobbyingtoinfluence other people to support the organizations position.These interest groupsoften testify in legislative hearings,donate topolitical candidates(Www.opensecret.org),and donate money to candidate or organization to lobbypoliticians.When special interest effects certain elect(ip) groups, the candidate of the elite group can spread their ideas to thepublicat large,which results inachangeinpublic opinion, thus ensuring their ideas and objective are in agency in the society. Special interest groupareformedby groups of individuals,andthe groups ability to drawn in largenumbersof citizens straightaway impacts the quality of policy,because when implementing a policy, to satisfy its members,the policy drafting procedure must ensure a common understanding of the law, must be readable (not also complex),and it mustachievethe groups social, political,and legal objectives,which are the criteria of a good-quality policy.Reading) ( view tanks are a wide range of institution that provides public policy research, advice,and analysis, while operating independently. They are non-profitandoperateindependentlyfrom political partiesand government. Their main goal is to help government officialsunderstand and make rational decisionson divers(prenominal) issues.They support policy developments byconducting research oncomplex issueswith their expertise and present their ext ensive findings togovernment officials,such as congress and other officials. Think tanksactasan intermediarybetween knowledge and politicians.However, think tanks approach different issues differently. A scientific approach removes extensive testingoftheories about the policy effects. A professional approach requires analysis of theopportunity cost of different alternatives. And lastly a political approach requires support oftheleft or rightfield party.Although the description above summarizes different approachesfor different think tanks, the underlyingsimultaneous approach requires think tanks to understand complex issues and to provide research and advice tofundersorpolitical leadersand together draft a quality policy that can reach different objective.To explain the difference between political vs economicalal specimen we can look at democracy vs communism.To begin with, democracy is entirely a political stumper.Inthe American sense, democracy is no economic present. It i s a system in which the people at large vote upon voluntary candidates who have asked to serve as representatives in a variety of capacities, and once amiable election, to decide policy as they see fit. As this structure theadministration of the country, with no necessary commentary upon economics, it is a political model.By contrast, communism is an economic model, though its nature does tend to favour a political structure. Communism is an extreme flavour of socialism that emphasizes the dignity of the common worker, who is credited with building and maintaining all human societies. As such, communism purports to establish an economy free of financial inequality, in which the workers constituting most of the population are all equal social partners. It is in this manner that communism can be mistaken for a political model, as such tight controls on societal resources all but require a strong centralized government to oversee distribution. But this is a consequence of communisms economic ideal, rather than a prescription. Communism is an economic model.Again, an economic model as rigid as communism tends to demand a powerful government, but ultimately it is a nations political model not its economic model that determines the selection of policies. This is only sensible, as policy should be set by a nations leaders even if, as in the U.S.Aexample above, those leaders are none but the people themselves and not by directly by economic factors.I believe economic model should dictate policy making, becauseeconomic model isa much effective and less costlyway todrive changes in the country.Whenwe look at theexample of increasealcohol appraiseled to decrease in alcohol purchase.We can see that economic policyclearly influences human behaviour. Not only it decreases drunk driving accidents, it increasesproductivenessand health gains. In the past we have seen example of political models in place to ban alcohol(18thamendment), not only it did not decreasebonus t o purchasealcohol, it increase power, corruption within a nationwhichcausemoresocial damage to anation.Economic model has proven itself as the best model to drive changes in a countryand human behaviour.ReferencesKeilman, John. Higher Booze Tax a Lifesaver?Chicago Tribune. Web. 1 Oct. 2014. transcend Donor Profiles.Center for Responsive Politics. 1 Jan. 2013. Web. 1 Oct. 2014. www.opensecrets.org.Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein.Nudge Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. New Haven, Conn. Yale UP, 2008. Print.

Contract of Hire Purchase Answer

Contract of Hire Purchase AnswerFOUNDLING FINANCE LIMITEDClaimant andMISS DIANE DALY and MR DEREK dobsonflysuspectOPINIONI am holded to counsel throw Diane Daly and Derek Dobson (the defendants) with regard to their contract of hire- obtain with foundling finance Limited for the purchase of a Nuffield knitting appliance from Saffron Supplies Limited. This contract is the basis of an litigate in the Dover County Court against Miss Daly and Mr Dobson for re behavement of arrears, and invade in that respecton, for the period from tertiary January to 3rd April. I am asked to advise whether Miss Daly and Mr Dobson are still bound by the terms of the never-never contract, and if not, what type of remuneration they may recover by way of return.ConclusionsIn summary, I would advise that the defendants were entitled to disregard the never-never contract after they found out the representations of Mr Stone intimately the fitness of the Nuffield for the intended type of work were false. That this right probably subsisted and was exercisable on the 16th January 2006 but slew only be determined with march on information.The compensation available largely depends on the winner of the rejection action. If the defendants are successful then they depart be able to recover their money that they bear paid and render back the knitting auto as if they had never been in the contract. If they are unsuccessful they provide be left with the residuary claim in damages for the purchase scathe of the Newmark knitting simple forge and breach of contract but pass on be liable to keep paying the hire-purchase contract. I present also advised that some more investigation may be required to ascertain whether whatever further passing gamees commence been incurred.Finally, I have been cognisant of Miss Dalys concerns surrounding the high APR of the hire-purchase agreement and have therefore attached a consideration of whether the bargain may be considered extortiona te.ContractOn the 3rd October 2005 the defendants went to Saffron Supplies in Sandwich. They set downed into a hire-purchase contract for the supply of a Nuffield knitting machine for their fashion externalise business organization.harmonize to Miss Daly, their business specialises in the knitting of thick wool garments. They took samples of their wool and made it clear to Mr Stone that the sewing machine had to be capable of knitting those types of fibres. Mr Stone replied that the machine was man enough to handle more(prenominal) fibres and on the back of which the defendants entered the hire-purchase contract with Foundling finance Limited.A matter of immensity in the formation of this contract is whether or not you entered as a consumer. If youre not then clause 12 of the hire-purchase contract may exclude both implied term of fitness for answer. It appears as though the key matters are whether the contract is one which is regularly entered into by the buyer or bought fo r a distinctive business purpose (R B Customs Brokers Co Ltd v. United Dominions Trust 1988 1 totally ER 847). This will depend on the spirit of the business and whether this particular sewing machine was integral to the defendants business. These are again facts which the Instructing Solicitors will need to ascertain in particular look at whether there have been any other sewing machines purchased? How was the Nuffield used in the business? Was it used for any personal purposes?Breach of ContractThe first passing is whether or not the hire-purchase contract was breached when it became evident that the Nuffield knitting machine was unfit for knitting the type of fibres that the defendants use in their business. The difficulty will be whether or not we can establish the conversation between the defendants and Mr Stone as to its fitness for the knitting of the thick wool because it was purely oral. The register of both the defendants will be critical Could instructing solicitors please ascertain more details of the conversation. Was Mr Dobson fellowship to the conversation with Mr Stone? If so, what did he hear? How much was the issue of fibres disquieted as important to Mr Stone? The obvious difficulty will be that the evidence of Mr Dobson could turn out to be hearsay unless he was party to the conversation.The strength of this arguing will become clearer when we have an indication of Foundling finances or Mr Stones stance on the issue currently I only have Miss Dalys statement as to the matter. It would seem pragmatic to assume that Mr Stone will be a difficult witness for two reasons he presumably deals with many customers which may make his recall of a conversation that he had seven months ago quite a vague and a fear of losing his job could cause him to be a completely useless witness for us. It isnt clear from my instructions whether Foundling Finance have acknowledged this claim by the defendants but it seems safe to assume that they will deny it given that an admission would bar their current action in the County Court.However if we can establish the oral assurances by Mr Stone then breach of contract will be more likely. The Implied term of fitness for purpose under Consumer credit entry stand for 1974 will have been breached as long as the facts bear out consumer experimental condition, as I advised above. If we cannot establish consumer status we may have to rely on more general common law considerations .In particular Harlingdon Leinster Ltd v. Christopher Hull Fine Art Ltd 1991 1 QB 564 which argues that even where the cheating(prenominal) Contract Terms toy 1977 doesnt apply the totality of the negotiations will be looked at and the exclusion of an implied term of fitness for purpose, as Foundling Finance Limited have done, maybe disregarded. The strength of this argument will largely depend on the oral evidence which is lead at trial and will depend on the information which I have requested above.Repudiation of ContractThe success of maintaining the breach of contract will also rely on whether we can establish the defendants impressively rejected the contract by their earn of the 16th January. This is fundamentally an issue of fact which will need to be ascertain by the Instructing Solicitors. Short of an outright denial, as suggested above, Foundling Finance will likely attempt to argue that either the defendants accepted the breach through playing inconsistently with the ownership of the seller or through lapse of a reasonable time.In order to give my opinion on the strength of this argument could the Instructing Solicitors ascertain facts regarding the dates of the various sets and more details about the communications between Saffron Supplies and the defendants regarding the repairs. What date was the ternary repair? Were the repair mens concerns communicated to the defendants orally or in writing? Were both defendants present at all of the repairs? Was the Knitting machine used at any point between the third repair and the purchase of the Newgate knitting machine? The lapse of a reasonable time is the test for acceptance of a breach under the Consumer Credit Act 1974 therefore these factors will be critical.If there was a significant period of time between the third repair and the 16th January then I would advise that the Defendants attempt to argue rescission by misrepresentation under the Misrepresentation Act 1967 which is not subject to the same time-constraints as the rejection argument under the Consumer Credit Act 1974. However, I have some doubt as to the strength of this argument not least because it appears never to have been attempted in any reported cases.A critical issue for the success of refuting any defences by Foundling Finance will be the ability to prove that the letter was rattling sent. in that locationfore could the Instructing Solicitors please find out whether Miss Daly has any proof of postage or proof that Foundling receive d the letter? The imitate letter that I received looks as though it was word processed and it may be possible to establish postage through the creation date of the file. check to Miss Daly, she also telephoned the finance company to express her concerns it would be extremely useful if the Instructing solicitors could ascertain more details about these telephone calls. Does Foundling Finance record phone-calls? When were they made? What exactly was stated in those telephone calls?In my opinion, in order to clarify the issues in dispute between the parties, we should contact Foundling Finances representatives to see whether they dispute either the letters or the telephone calls. It maybe that we could then avoid applying for disclosure of evidenceCompensationThere is a distinction to make between the situation where we can establish that the defendants effectively rejected the contract and where they failed to do so therefore I have treated the separately under this heading. Many of the grounds of damages will be interlinked between the various substantive claims in law. However, if we cannot realistically establish a breach of contract at all then as I am sure Instructing Solicitors will appreciate we have no defence or counterclaim to the current action. If the latter occurs my opinion is that you enter a defence and counter-claim in any case and attempt to settle and avoid some of the interest.(i) If rejection is effectiveThe difference between the two grounds turns on whether or not the sums paid, by my calculation 3194.57 (that being the November, celestial latitude and January payments and the two-thousand pound deposit paid on 3rd October 2005), will be redeemable and whether the hire-purchase contract is at an end. I appreciate what a big difference this will make to the defendants. If the rejection is effective then the aim of the court is to put the two parties back in the same position so the money paid will be recoverable and there will be no obli gation to continue paying the hire-purchase agreement.However, if rejection is not effective there is in most cases still an action for damages for breach of contract but there is no possibility of ending the contract other than the statutory termination powers in the Consumer Credit Act 1974.(ii) If rejection is not effectiveAs the Instructing Solicitors will appreciate in these circumstances we are limited purely to claiming for purely breach of contract financial losses rather than any emotional losses. However, it is clear that there have been certain losses that will have been caused by the breach in contract. The defendants will take a breather liable to pay the instalments, including the arrears, if they fail to establish their rejection this is because all the express conditions of the contract will still be enforceable and as a result the defendants will be in breach of contract until they remedy the arrears, along with interest which has been contractually included.(a) Pu rchase of the NewgateIt is unclear whether the defendants can claim for the purchase of the Newgate. It certainly can be characterised as a cost of mitigating the loss which they had initially suffered by Foundlings breach of contract (as per Bacon v. Cooper (Metals) Limited 1982 1 ALL ER 397). However, the question of whether it is reasonable will depend on a number of factors which would perhaps require the opinion of an expert. It would be necessary to quantify whether the price paid was reasonable for the product? Whether there were cheaper alternatives available on the market? It seems likely that it would be possible to claim for the whole purchase price of the Newgate disrespect the fact that it may be a better product and leave the defendants in a better position. It seems analogous to Bacon where the court held that replacement of a sore item for an old item which became broken didnt entitle the defendants to reduce the damages to the value of the old item.(b) Loss of Ear nings / Damage to Wool.Aside from the purchase of the Newgate Miss Daly is of the opinion that her business has not suffered through the breach of contract. However, with all respect to Miss Daly, she is not to my knowledge legally qualified and it would be a breach of professional ethics if we just accept her judgement on this issue. It would be useful if the Instructing Solicitors can check this. In particularDid the machine not stop being workable for at least three separate twenty-four hour periods?Was there any wool disgraced by the machine?What about wasted time waiting for repairmen?It is likely that we can claim these as damages and I am of the opinion that there will be something other than the replacement sewing machine which the defendants can claim for.(c) Extortionate BargainAccording to Miss Daly, she feels horrified at the level of the interest that she had to pay for the knitting machine which naturally leads to concerns over whether this hire-purchase agreement cou ld be considered extortionate under the Consumer Credit Act 1974. This could form part of the counter-claim if it can be established. The salient point of the credit agreement is the extremely high APR of 46.2%. In line with A.Ketley Limited v. Scott 1981 ICR 241 the correct approach is to look at whether the rate of interest is extortionate in comparison to other sorts of transactions.I am of course not an expert and thus not qualified but given that the nitty-gritty repayed will be 161% of the value of the item and that the APR seems to be extremely high at a period of time when interest rates are relatively lower than they have been in the last couple of decades it certainly seems arguable. I think it would be necessary for the Instructing Solicitors to obtain some sort of expert evidence on this point or perhaps some diligent research. In particular what level of risk is assumed by Foundlings Finance? What sort of produce and means did the defendants have at the time of the a greement?The purpose of arguing this would not so much be as compensation but if Miss Daly was unable to establish a rejection of the contract it could be extremely useful in making the remainder of the payments more equitable. In particular I could ask the court to alter the terms of the credit agreement under s.139 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974. I am not overly confident about the success of this argument because generally the court have been reluctant to find bargains extortionate because of the ordinary principles of fair dealing and even where high APRs have existed much(prenominal) as in Grangewood Securities v Ellis (unreported 23 November 2000) an APR of 35.4% on its own was not held to be extortionate. My largest reservation is that both Miss Daly and Mr Dobson will be construed by the court as business people who ought to have been more aware (this was a factor in A.Ketley).Next StepsI would advise that we enter a defence and counter-claim to the current action that Fou ndlings Finance has risen. However, before it calls I would suggest that a letter setting out the key elements of our case be sent to the other side because until now they havent appeared to have responded to our claims.I would hope that the Instructing Solicitors would be able to settle this case in the meantime. In that event I would be happy to advise on the terms of such a settlement or a fail 36 offer. In particular, it would put the defendants in a strong bargaining position if they can establish whether or not any other damages were sustained by the defendants such as loss of earnings or destruction of property. If you do wish me to advise then please could such instructions include further items of evidence that I have requested throughout this opinion.IN THE DOVER COUNTY COURT Case No. DV6/49215BETWEENFOUNDLING FINANCE LIMITEDClaimant / Part 20 DefendantandMISS DIANE DALYMR DEREK DOBSONDefendants / Part 20 ClaimantsDEFENCE AND COUNTERCLAIMParagraphs 1, 2 and 3 of the Parti culars of Claim are admitted.Save that the Defendants admits that they have not paid instalments on all the relevant dates, it is denied that they are due to be paid as alleged in Paragraph 4 or at all. On 16th January 2006 the Defendants rejected the contract for breach of the implied condition of fitness for purpose under the Consumer Credit Act 1974 . A copy of the Defendants letter to the Claimants confirming the above is attached to the defence and counterclaim.Paragraph 5 is admitted.The defendants are and were at all relevant times a partnership carrying on business as fashion designers. The Claimants are and were at all relevant times a limited company carrying on business as a provider of consumer credit.The Nuffield knitting machine was supplied to the defendants by Saffron Supplies Limited, 6 Shadwell Street, Sandwich (the suppliers) in terms of the Consumer Credit Act 1974.Whereas it is admitted that a hire-purchase contract was entered into as set out in Paragraph 5 of the Particulars of Claim, prior to the signing of verbalize contract, on 3rd October 2005, it was orally agreed by Mr Scott Stone of the suppliers that the verbalize Nuffield knitting machine would be capable of knitting specific thick wool as used in the Defendants fashion design business. A sample of said wool was exhibited to Mr Stone by the first defendant for the confirmation of the same.It is averred that in consequence of this conversation, the defendants entered the said contract and that it was implied term that the said knitting machine would be fit for the said purpose.On the 3rd October 2005 The Defendants paid a deposit of 2000 to the Claimants and paid instalments on 3rd November 2005, 3rd December 2005 and 3rd January 2005. The amount of these instalments plus the deposit was 3194.57Between 3rd October 2005 and 16th January 2006 the Defendants complained on three occasions to Saffron Supplies Limited that the said knitting machine had broken. On the first two occasi ons representatives of the suppliers diagnosed the same as being due to minor problems which were rectified without charge.On the third occasion they diagnosed the breakage as being due to the inability of the said knitting machine to knit the said thick wool fibres. The Defendants refused to pay for the cost of repairing said knitting machine in consequence of which the suppliers thereafter failed and/or refused to repair the said knitting machine at the time.By various phone-calls to the Claimant in or about January 2006 the Defendants demanded the repair of the said knitting machine. Despite this, the Defendant thereafter unlawfully failed and / or refused to arrange repair of said knitting machine.By reason thereof the Defendant sent the said letter of the 16th January 2006 which duly informed the Claimants within a reasonable period of time of their intention to reject the said hire-purchase contract because they had breached the said implied condition and the Defendants are co nsequently not liable thereon, further the Defendants demanded (without prejudice to his claim for damages herein) return of the said 3194.57 and stated that they would exercise a lien over the said knitting machine until the same had been done..In the circumstances it is denied that the Claimant is entitled to the relief claimed or any relief for the reasons alleged or at all. besides or alternatively, the Defendants will seek to set off against the Claimants claim the matters set out in the counterclaim below, so as to reduce it or extinguish it altogether.COUNTERCLAIMThe Defendants repeat their Defence herein.The hire-purchase agreement has an Annual Percentage Rate (APR) of 46.2% which it is averred is much higher than hire-purchase agreements for other knitting machines and comparable items. In the Circumstances, the said hire-purchase agreement is extortionate pursuant to section 139, Consumer Credit Act 1974.By reason of the Claimants said breach of contract the Defendants we re unable to knit their wool fibres and by reason thereof the Defendants have suffered loss and damage.PARTICULARSBy reason of the Defendants said breach of contract, the Claimant suffered additional loss and damage, in that they were forced to purchase a similar knitting machine elsewhere, about January 2006 the Defendants purchased a Newgate knitting machine at a price of 9,500.Wasted Time during said repair visits.Cost of Wool Material damaged by said Nuffield knitting machine.1Further the Defendants are entitled to and counterclaims interest on the sum found due to them for such period and at such rate as the court may think fit pursuant to section 69, County Courts Act 1984.The value of this action exceeds 5,000 but does not exceed 15,000.AND the Defendants CounterclaimRefund of the said Deposit and three instalments of 3194.57Interest pursuant to statute as aforesaid.Further or AlternativelyDamages for breach of contractFurther or AlternativelyAn order that the said hire-purch ase agreement is extortionate and that the APR be judicially altered to a more reasonable APR.Statement of fair playI believe (the Defendant believes) that the facts stated in this Defence and Counterclaim are true.SignedDATED thisDay of2006BibliographyAtiyah, P.S., Adams, John MacQueen, Hector The barter of Goods 2005 / Pearson-Longman / 11th edition.Bridge, Michael The Sale of Goods 2000 / Oxford University Press / 1st editionDoonan, Elmer Foster, Charles Drafting 2000 / Cavendish Publishing / 1st edition.Inns of Court School of right Opinion Writing 2003 / Oxford University PressMarshall, Enid Scots Mercantile Law 1997 W.Green / Sweet Maxwell Edinburgh / 3rd edition.Rose, William M. Pleadings Without Tears A Guide to Legal Drafting Under the Civil Procedure Rules1999 / Blackstone Press Limited / 5th edition.1Footnotes1 I have added these in the case that they can be proved as per my opinion.

Madame Bovary :: essays research papers

Madame BovaryEmma Bovary is a victim of her own foolish disposition fueled by her need for change, her incessant waiting for excitement to enter into her life, and her romantic nature. All of these things, plus her constant wavering of one extreme to another, also contributes to her suicide in the end. Throughout this story there are many vivid examples of her foolishness.In the beginning of the story she has a desire to change around the house, some qualification say it is a stroke of individuality. The action is actually the first taste that we get of her incessant need for change. With every change that she makes, she is trying to find the rejoicing she is longing for. When Emma found out that she was to have a child, she was excited. Emma particularly wanted a boy, because she thought that it would come along with new and exciting experiences. Once she had the child, it was not a boy, she quickly lost all interest in the child. An example of Emma&8217s fluctuation of moods is after Leon left (part II, chapter 6). Once he left to prevail herself form the lack of love toward her husband, she became the model wife. Emma went from constantly thinking about another man to a woman that no one would dare fifty-fifty thinking about accusing her of even considering adultery. There was also another moment when she decided to go see the priest at the church (part II, chapter 7) to look to spiritual guidance. The priest, however, seems to assume that all she needs is a cup of tea and sends her on her way. Once Emma gets home, her daughter seems to want to console Emma, but Emma just pushes her international and yells at the child to leave her alone. Emma pushes her so hard that the girl falls and cuts her head. Then Emma cries and yells frantically for the servant girl. As if she actually cares for the child and pretends that the child did it herself.

The Use of Images in William Carlos Williams, The Young Housewife Essa

The Use of Images in William Carlos Williams, The Young Housewife As is typical of most Modernist poetry, William Carlos Williams uses really specific images in The Young Housewife to observe not merely a particular circumstance or event, but to also suggest underlying themes and ideas of his subject subject area. For example, he gives to the reader various existent and imagined images, such her moving about in negligee behind closelyd doors, or her going about her daily affairs, that are at once very seductive and suggestive of ideas that supercede their appearances. These images especially accentuate the young housewifes naturalness and beauty. However, they are quickly contrasted by a comparison drawn by Williams of the young bird to a fallen leaf-a comparison that initially seems completely bizarre and esoteric. One, in fact, wonders what Williams purpose is in suddenly changing the mood of the poem to make this comparison. Upon close inspection, however, the compari son actually proves to be less confusing than it appears. In fact, when one considers the nature of a fallen leaf and compares it with various aspects of the young housewifes life story, possible explanations receive to arise that clarify Williams possible intent. Primary to understanding the comparison, is of course, understanding the nature of leaves and more particularly fallen leaves. Universally, leaves are considered to play both a utilitarian and ornamental role for trees. On the functional level, leaves enable photosynthesis and thereby give nourishment to the tree. On the ornamental level, they enrich the appearance of the tree, giving it more annotate and substance. In fact, leaves are widely considered to be the evidence of a trees vivacity. La... ... young housewifes sexual nature and beauty is to William and how much emphasis he puts on her incarceration in her house, it becomes easier to understand the parallel of her to a fallen leaf. To Williams, the young housewife is like a beautiful leaf that needs to stay connected to its life force in order to maintain its beauty and vitality and even continue to nourish the tree. Otherwise it will inevitably dry up, become neutral and eventually die. Her marriage has separated her from the world and from her life force and will eventually cause her to lose her beauty and pristine nature. It is only a matter of time, in fact, before she becomes one of the leaves that Williams drives over in his car. Works CitedWilliams, William Carlos. The Young Housewife. Anthology of Modern American Poetry. Ed. Cary Nelson. New York Oxford University Press, 2000.